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  2. Bottom–up and top–down design - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom–up_and_topdown...

    Top–down methods were favored in software engineering until the late 1980s, [3] [failed verification] and object-oriented programming assisted in demonstrating the idea that both aspects of top-down and bottom-up programming could be used. Modern software design approaches usually combine top–down and bottomup approaches. Although an ...

  3. Top-down - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-down

    Top-down reading, is a part of reading science that explains the reader's psycholinguistic strategies in using grammatical and lexical knowledge for comprehension rather than linearly decoding texts. Top-down proteomics, a method for protein analysis; Top-down effects, effects of population density on a resource in a soil food web

  4. Document layout analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_layout_analysis

    There are two main approaches to document layout analysis. Firstly, there are bottom-up approaches which iteratively parse a document based on the raw pixel data. These approaches typically first parse a document into connected regions of black and white, then these regions are grouped into words, then into text lines, and finally into text blocks.

  5. Hierarchical clustering - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_clustering

    Agglomerative: This is a "bottom-up" approach: Each observation starts in its own cluster, and pairs of clusters are merged as one moves up the hierarchy. Divisive: This is a "top-down" approach: All observations start in one cluster, and splits are performed recursively as one moves down the hierarchy.

  6. Bottom-up - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom-up

    Bottom-up parsing, a computer science strategy; Bottom-up processing, in Pattern recognition (psychology) Bottom-up theories of galaxy formation and evolution; Bottom-up tree automaton, in data structures; Bottom-up integration testing, in software testing; Top-down and bottom-up design, strategies of information processing and knowledge ordering

  7. Systems biology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_biology

    In approaching a systems biology problem there are two main approaches. These are the top down and bottom up approach. The top down approach takes as much of the system into account as possible and relies largely on experimental results. The RNA-Seq technique is an example of an experimental top down approach. Conversely, the bottom up approach ...

  8. Attention - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention

    Another approach to this discussion has been covered under the topic heading of "bottom-up" versus "top-down" orientations to attention. Researchers of this school have described two different aspects of how the mind focuses attention to items present in the environment.

  9. Grassroots - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassroots

    Grassroots movements and organizations use collective action from the local level to implement change at the local, regional, national, or international levels. Grassroots movements are associated with bottom-up, rather than top-down decision-making, and are sometimes considered more natural or spontaneous than more traditional power structures ...