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C5.0, which Quinlan is commercially selling (single-threaded version is distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License), is an improvement on C4.5.The advantages are speed (several orders of magnitude faster), memory efficiency, smaller decision trees, boosting (more accuracy), ability to weight different attributes, and winnowing (reducing noise).
By the time the plan was discontinued, it had succeeded in diverting enough phenol, according to Albert, to make about 4.5 million pounds (2,000 tonnes) of explosives. Schweitzer defended his actions, arguing that making medicine and disinfectants was a better use of the phenol than making weapons. [ 7 ]
Philosopher Nick Bostrom argues that Pascal's mugging, like Pascal's wager, suggests that giving a superintelligent artificial intelligence a flawed decision theory could be disastrous. [10] Pascal's mugging may also be relevant when considering low-probability, high-stakes events such as existential risk or charitable interventions with a low ...
In animals, the 2AFC task has been used to test reinforcement probability learning, for example such as choices in pigeons after reinforcement of trials. [3] A 2AFC task has also been designed to test decision making and the interaction of reward and probability learning in monkeys. [4] Example of a random dot kinetogram as used in a 2AFC task.
The best-selling drug in the U.S., Acetaminophen, also known as Paracetamol, is a phenol. There are various classification schemes. [15]: 2 A commonly used scheme is based on the number of carbons and was devised by Jeffrey Harborne and Simmonds in 1964 and published in 1980: [15]: 2 [16]
A Tipler cylinder is used as a plot device in Chuck Grossart's story "The Phoenix Descent". Episode 9 of the webseries Ask Weathersby [14] mentions the Tipler cylinder, discussing time travel. [15] In "The Miracle of Christmas", Episode 2.11 of the American TV series Timeless, a Tipler cylinder is mentioned as being added to an upgraded time ...
Automated decision-making involves using data as input to be analyzed within a process, model, or algorithm or for learning and generating new models. [7] ADM systems may use and connect a wide range of data types and sources depending on the goals and contexts of the system, for example, sensor data for self-driving cars and robotics, identity data for security systems, demographic and ...
With the establishment of modern decision theory in the 1950s, the model became a key ingredient in the formulation of non-probabilistic decision-making models in the face of severe uncertainty. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] It is widely used in diverse fields such as decision theory , control theory , economics , statistics , robust optimization , operations ...