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In scientific inquiry and academic research, data fabrication is the intentional misrepresentation of research results. As with other forms of scientific misconduct, it is the intent to deceive that marks fabrication as unethical, and thus different from scientists deceiving themselves. There are many ways data can be fabricated.
Dashed lines indicate sourcing invisible to a reviewer. In each case, a source (top) appears to a reviewer (bottom) as two independent sources. Circular reporting, or false confirmation, is a situation in source criticism where a piece of information appears to come from multiple independent sources, but in reality comes from only one source.
People who get information from a variety of news sources, not just sources from a particular viewpoint, are more likely to detect disinformation. [36] Tips for detecting disinformation include reading reputable news sources at a local or national level, rather than relying on social media.
A reconstruction of the skull purportedly belonging to the Piltdown Man, a long-lasting case of scientific misconduct. Scientific misconduct is the violation of the standard codes of scholarly conduct and ethical behavior in the publication of professional scientific research.
Fact-checking is the process of verifying the factual accuracy of questioned reporting and statements. Fact-checking can be conducted before or after the text or content is published or otherwise disseminated.
Allegations that part of a key 2006 study of Alzheimer's disease may have been fabricated has rocked the scientific research community.
It's probably best to be skeptical about other markers. Matters unrelated to their writing such as sex scandals might or might not indicate anything. Awards and accolades might matter some, depending on the source, but it's probably best to avoid giving much importance to man-of-the-year type logrolling.
Trump Makes Blizzard Of News, Shows Restraint At Presser, Even While Slamming The Media Rhodes College said racist messages found on campus over Thanksgiving break were "fabricated" by a student.