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The exact pathophysiological causes of the disease are currently unclear, but there are developing theories. [8] Spongy degeneration can be diagnosed with neuroimaging techniques and urine examination. [9] There is no current treatment for spongy degeneration, but research utilising gene therapy to treat the disease is underway. [8]
MRI studies have found a smaller brain volume and larger ventricles in people with schizophrenia – however researchers do not know if the shrinkage is from the schizophrenia or from the medication. [ 153 ] [ 154 ] The hippocampus and thalamus have been shown to be reduced in volume; and the volume of the globus pallidus is increased.
In 1825, Bouchet and Cazauvieilh described palpable firmness and atrophy of the uncus and medial temporal lobe of brains from epileptic and non-epileptic individuals. [4]: 565 In 1880, Wilhelm Sommer investigated 90 brains and described the classical Ammon's horn sclerosis pattern, severe neuronal cell loss in hippocampal subfield cornum Ammonis 1 (CA1) and some neuronal cell loss in ...
Hippocampus anatomy describes the physical aspects and properties of the hippocampus, a neural structure in the medial temporal lobe of each cerebral hemisphere of the brain. It has a distinctive, curved shape that has been likened to the sea-horse creature of Greek mythology , and the ram's horns of Amun in Egyptian mythology .
A systematic review of placebo-controlled trials investigating tDCS treatment for major depressive disorder was published 2020. [12] The meta-analysis collated results across nine eligible studies (572 participants) up until December 2018 to estimate odds ratio (OR) and number needed to treat (NNT) of response and remission, and depression ...
The main causes are neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease because they affect or deteriorate brain functions. [7] Other diseases and conditions that cause NCDs include vascular dementia, frontotemporal degeneration, Lewy body disease, prion disease, normal pressure hydrocephalus ...
A systematic review published in 2020 suggests the use of the term "drug-induced intracranial hypertension (DIIH)" after having applied a 'strict drug-causality algorithm' in determining IIH cases likely caused by the drugs they evaluated. [13] There are numerous other diseases, mostly rare conditions, that may lead to intracranial hypertension.
Some believed that stated that psychological disorders are caused by specific abnormalities of the brain and nervous system and that is, in principle, they should be approached for treatments in the same way as physical illness (arose from Hippocrates's ideas). [5] Psychotherapy is a relatively new method used in treatment of mental disorders.