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According to M. N. Srinivas (1986) and R. K. Bhattacharya, Indian Hindu converts to Islam brought their caste system to the region's Muslim society. [12] Louis Dumont, however, believed that the Islamic conquerors adopted the Hindu caste system "as a compromise which they had to make in a predominantly Hindu environment." [13]
The Khoja are a caste of Muslims mainly members of the Nizari Ismaʿiliyyah sect of Islam with a minority of followers of Sunni Islam originating the western Indian subcontinent, and converted to Islam from Hinduism by the 14th century by the Persian pīr (religious leader or teacher) Saḍr-al-Dīn. [1]
"But caste and untouchability is a lived reality for Muslims living in India and South Asia, and untouchability is the community's worst-kept secret." [1] Even though Islam is egalitarian in its social ethics, [4] Indian Muslim society is characterised by caste-like features, consisting of several caste-like groups (jatis, biraderis). Despite ...
The Muslim dynasties recruited individuals from different Hindu castes by merit and trained them to become civil servants and members of the Kayasth caste. [6] They successfully adapted as scribes and functionaries under Islamic rule, then the British.
The Memon are a Muslim community in Gujarat India, and Sindh, Pakistan, the majority of whom follow the Hanafi fiqh of Sunni Islam. [4] They are divided into different groups based on their origins: Kathiawari Memons, Kutchi Memons and Bantva Memons from the Kathiawar, Kutch and Bantva regions of Gujarat respectively, and Sindhi Memons from Sindh.
Caste-based differences have also been practised in other regions and religions in the Indian subcontinent, like Nepalese Buddhism, [13] Christianity, Islam, Judaism and Sikhism. [14] It has been challenged by many reformist Hindu movements, [ 15 ] Sikhism, Christianity, [ 14 ] and present-day Neo Buddhism . [ 16 ]
Dale concludes that, in contrast to the influence of Sufis and other popular movements in the spread of Islam across the Asia, the Mappilas instead gradually grew through "peaceful conversion" due to the contradiction between a "dynamic, egalitarian mercantile" Muslim community and the "exceptionally conservative" version of the Hindu caste system.
According to Norris, this strata of Muslim clerics has been a sacerdotal caste, which propagated Islam in North Africa and the Sahel between the 7th and the 17th centuries. [78] Adherence to the faith was initially centered around this caste, but later spread to the wider Tuareg community. [ 79 ]