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An ionocyte (formerly called a chloride cell) is a mitochondrion-rich cell within ionoregulatory organs of animals, such as teleost fish gill, insect Malpighian tubules, crustacean gills, antennal glands and maxillary glands, and copepod Crusalis organs. [1]
The two most prevalent ions in seawater are chloride and sodium. Together, they make up around 85 per cent of all dissolved ions in the ocean. Magnesium and sulfate ions make up most of the rest. Salinity varies with temperature, evaporation, and precipitation. It is generally low at the equator and poles, and high at mid-latitudes. [12]
The Na–K–Cl cotransporter (NKCC) is a transport protein that aids in the secondary active transport of sodium, potassium, and chloride into cells. [1] In humans there are two isoforms of this membrane transport protein , NKCC1 and NKCC2 , encoded by two different genes ( SLC12A2 and SLC12A1 respectively).
Oceans are the largest source of chlorine in the Earth's hydrosphere. [2] In the hydrosphere, chlorine exists primarily as chloride due to the high solubility of the Cl − ion. [ 3 ] The majority of chlorine fluxes are within the hydrosphere due to chloride ions' solubility and reactivity within water systems. [ 2 ]
The pH value at the surface of oceans in pre-industrial time (before 1850) was around 8.2. [9] Since then, it has been decreasing due to a human-caused process called ocean acidification that is related to carbon dioxide emissions: Between 1950 and 2020, the average pH of the ocean surface fell from approximately 8.15 to 8.05. [10]
Marine chemistry, also known as ocean chemistry or chemical oceanography, is the study of the chemical composition and processes of the world’s oceans, including the interactions between seawater, the atmosphere, the seafloor, and marine organisms. [2]
The macula densa's detection of elevated sodium chloride concentration in the tubular lumen, which leads to a decrease in GFR, is based on the concept of purinergic signaling. [1] [2] [8] In response to increased flow of tubular fluid in the thick ascending limb/ increased sodium chloride (salt) concentration at the macula densa:
The sodium channel selectivity filter is composed of a single residue in each of the four pore-loops of the four functional domains. These four residues are known as the DEKA motif. [52] The permeation rate of sodium through the sodium channel is determined by a four carboxylate residues, the EEDD motif, which make up the outer charged ring. [52]