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A dipeptide is an organic compound derived from two amino acids. The constituent amino acids can be the same or different. When different, two isomers of the dipeptide are possible, depending on the sequence. Several dipeptides are physiologically important, and some are both physiologically and commercially significant.
A dipeptide has two amino acids. A tripeptide has three amino acids. A tetrapeptide has four amino acids. A pentapeptide has five amino acids. (e.g., enkephalin). A hexapeptide has six amino acids. (e.g., angiotensin IV). A heptapeptide has seven amino acids. (e.g., spinorphin). An octapeptide has eight amino acids (e.g., angiotensin II).
Aspartame is a methyl ester of the dipeptide of the natural amino acids L-aspartic acid and L-phenylalanine. [4] Under strongly acidic or alkaline conditions, aspartame may generate methanol by hydrolysis. Under more severe conditions, the peptide bonds are also hydrolyzed, resulting in free amino acids. [53]
Carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) is a dipeptide molecule, made up of the amino acids beta-alanine and histidine. It is highly concentrated in muscle and brain tissues. [citation needed] Carnosine was discovered by Russian chemist Vladimir Gulevich. [1] Carnosine is naturally produced by the body in the liver [2] from beta-alanine and histidine.
γ-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteine, also known as γ-glutamylcysteine (GGC), is a dipeptide found in animals, plants, fungi, some bacteria, and archaea.It has a relatively unusual γ-bond between the constituent amino acids, L-glutamic acid and L-cysteine and is a key intermediate in the γ-glutamyl cycle first described by Meister in the 1970s.
Anserine (β-alanyl-3-methylhistidine) is a dipeptide containing β-alanine and 3-methylhistidine. [1] Anserine is a derivative of carnosine, which has been methylated. [2] Both anserine and carnosine chelate copper. [3] Due to its methylation, anserine is more stable in serum and resistant to degradation than carnosine. [4]
Studies in rats suggest, Noopept is a prodrug of the endogenous dipeptide cycloprolylglycine. [6] Cycloprolylglycine is a modulator of AMPA receptors and exerts neuroprotective effects dependent upon AMPA- and TrkB-Receptor activation. [7] In cell culture, cycloprolylglycine increases brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). [8]
A representation of the 3D structure of the protein myoglobin showing turquoise α-helices.This protein was the first to have its structure solved by X-ray crystallography.