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  2. Vector projection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_projection

    The vector projection (also known as the vector component or vector resolution) of a vector a on (or onto) a nonzero vector b is the orthogonal projection of a onto a straight line parallel to b. The projection of a onto b is often written as proj b ⁡ a {\displaystyle \operatorname {proj} _{\mathbf {b} }\mathbf {a} } or a ∥ b .

  3. Direction cosine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direction_cosine

    Here α, β, γ are the direction cosines and the Cartesian coordinates of the unit vector | |, and a, b, c are the direction angles of the vector v. The direction angles a, b, c are acute or obtuse angles, i.e., 0 ≤ a ≤ π, 0 ≤ b ≤ π and 0 ≤ c ≤ π, and they denote the angles formed between v and the unit basis vectors e x, e y, e z.

  4. Rotation matrix - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix

    To find the angle of a rotation, once the axis of the rotation is known, select a vector v perpendicular to the axis. Then the angle of the rotation is the angle between v and R v . A more direct method, however, is to simply calculate the trace : the sum of the diagonal elements of the rotation matrix.

  5. Quaternions and spatial rotation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternions_and_spatial...

    The vector cross product, used to define the axis–angle representation, does confer an orientation ("handedness") to space: in a three-dimensional vector space, the three vectors in the equation a × b = c will always form a right-handed set (or a left-handed set, depending on how the cross product is defined), thus fixing an orientation in ...

  6. Axis–angle representation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis–angle_representation

    The angle θ and axis unit vector e define a rotation, concisely represented by the rotation vector θe.. In mathematics, the axis–angle representation parameterizes a rotation in a three-dimensional Euclidean space by two quantities: a unit vector e indicating the direction of an axis of rotation, and an angle of rotation θ describing the magnitude and sense (e.g., clockwise) of the ...

  7. Angular distance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_distance

    Angular distance or angular separation is the measure of the angle between the orientation of two straight lines, rays, or vectors in three-dimensional space, or the central angle subtended by the radii through two points on a sphere.

  8. Scalar projection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar_projection

    where the operator denotes a dot product, ^ is the unit vector in the direction of , ‖ ‖ is the length of , and is the angle between and . [ 1 ] The term scalar component refers sometimes to scalar projection, as, in Cartesian coordinates , the components of a vector are the scalar projections in the directions of the coordinate axes .

  9. Distance from a point to a line - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_from_a_point_to_a...

    Illustration of the vector formulation. The equation of a line can be given in vector form: = + Here a is the position of a point on the line, and n is a unit vector in the direction of the line. Then as scalar t varies, x gives the locus of the line.