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For example, in China, health disparities have distinguished medical treatment for men and women due to the cultural phenomenon of preference for male children. [91] Recently, gender-based disparities have decreased as females have begun to receive higher-quality care.
Black patients in particular have a long history of receiving contrasting medical treatment based on different perceptions of the pain thresholds of Black people. [7] [8] The eugenics movement is an example of how racial bias affected the treatment of women of color, specifically African American women. However, medical racism has not been ...
Clayton and Byrd write that there have been two periods of health reform specifically addressing the correction of race-based health disparities. The first period (1865–1872) was linked to Freedmen's Bureau legislation and the second (1965–1975) was a part of the Civil Rights Movement. Both had dramatic and positive effects on black health ...
First, it seeks to identify and address gender-based differences and inequalities in all health initiatives; and second, it works to implement initiatives that address women's specific health needs that are a result either of biological differences between women and men (e.g. maternal health) or of gender-based discrimination in society (e.g ...
Health disparities refer to gaps in the quality of health and health care across racial and ethnic groups. [13] The US Health Resources and Services Administration defines health disparities as "population-specific differences in the presence of disease, health outcomes, or access to health care". [14]
The 2010 Affordable Care Act (ACA) established by the Obama administration in the United States, embodied the ideas put in place by the WHO by bridging the gap between community-based health and healthcare as a medical treatment, meaning that a larger consideration of social determinants of health was emerging in the policy. [130]
For women of color, gender bias intersects with racial bias, potentially leading to greater disparities in medical treatment. According to traditional medical studies, most of these medical studies were done on men thus overlooking many issues that were related to women's health. This topic alone sparked controversy and questions about the ...
Kelley et al. define access to healthcare as “the timely use of personal health services to achieve the best health outcomes”. [16] Health disparities, which are largely caused by unequal access to healthcare, can be defined as “a difference in which disadvantaged social groups such as the poor, racial/ethnic minorities, women and other ...