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Skeletal fluorosis is a bone disease caused by excessive accumulation of fluoride leading to weakened bones. [1] In advanced cases, skeletal fluorosis causes painful damage to bones and joints . Symptoms
Fluorosis becomes possible above this recommended dosage. As of 2015, the United States Health and Human Services Department recommends a maximum of 0.7 milligrams of fluoride per liter of water – updating and replacing the previous recommended range of 0.7 to 1.2 milligrams issued in 1962. The new recommended level is intended to reduce the ...
That standard is designed to prevent skeletal fluorosis, a potentially crippling disorder which causes weaker bones, stiffness and pain. But in the last two decades, studies have suggested a ...
Fluoride can occur naturally in water in concentrations well above recommended levels, which can have several long-term adverse effects, including severe dental fluorosis, skeletal fluorosis, and weakened bones; water utilities in the developed world reduce fluoride levels to regulated maximum levels in regions where natural levels are high ...
Fluorosis may refer to: Dental fluorosis , a disturbance of dental enamel caused by excessive exposure to high concentrations of fluoride during tooth development. Skeletal fluorosis , a bone disease caused by excessive accumulation of fluoride in the bones
The use of fluoride supplements during the last six months of pregnancy has no significant impact on the incidence of fluorosis in children. [16] Optimal water fluoridation for the prevention of dental caries increases the prevalence of dental fluorosis by 4 to 5%. [13] The observed effects are mild to moderate, usually of minimal aesthetic ...
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Although the best available evidence shows no association with adverse effects other than fluorosis (dental and, in worse cases, skeletal), most of which is mild, [7] water fluoridation has been contentious for ethical, safety, and efficacy reasons, [6] and opposition to water fluoridation exists despite its widespread support by public health ...