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Microcontroller devices with integrated I/O and memory on-chip sometimes had no, or a small, address bus available for external devices. For example, a microcontroller family available with a 2 kilobyte address space might have a variant that brought out an 11 line address bus for an external ROM; this could be done by reassigning I/O pins as address bus pins.
In order to fully utilize the bandwidth of different types of memory such as caches and memory banks, few compilers or CPU architectures ensure perfectly strong ordering. [1] [5] Among the commonly used architectures, x86-64 processors have the strongest memory order, but may still defer memory store instructions until after memory load ...
The ATmega series features microcontrollers that provide an extended instruction set (multiply instructions and instructions for handling larger program memories), an extensive peripheral set, a solid amount of program memory, as well as a wide range of pins available.
Writes to low-order bytes are buffered until the highest-order byte is written, upon which the entire multi-byte register is updated atomically. Later XMEGA cores (specifically, the B, C, and AU models such as the ATxmega16A4U, but not the earlier A, D and E models such as the ATxmega16D4) add four atomic read-modify-write instructions ...
MCS-51-based microcontrollers typically include one or two UARTs, two or three timers, 128 or 256 bytes of internal data RAM (16 bytes of which are bit-addressable), up to 128 bytes of I/O, 512 bytes to 64 KB of internal program memory, and sometimes a quantity of extended data RAM (ERAM) located in the external data space. External RAM and ROM ...
The die from an Intel 8742, an 8-bit microcontroller that includes a CPU running at 12 MHz, 128 bytes of RAM, 2048 bytes of EPROM, and I/O in the same chip Two ATmega microcontrollers. A microcontroller (MC, UC, or μC) or microcontroller unit (MCU) is a small computer on a single integrated circuit.
The RL78 family is an accumulator-based register-bank CISC instruction set architecture (ISA). [2] Although it has eight 8-bit registers or four 16-bit register pairs, essentially all arithmetic operations are performed on a single accumulator (the A register or AX register pair).
A memory protection unit (MPU) is a computer hardware unit that provides memory protection. It is usually implemented as part of the central processing unit (CPU). [ 1 ] MPU is a trimmed down version of memory management unit (MMU) providing only memory protection support.