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The intercostal nerves are part of the somatic nervous system, and arise from the anterior rami of the thoracic spinal nerves from T1 to T11. [1] [2] The intercostal nerves are distributed chiefly to the thoracic pleura and abdominal peritoneum, and differ from the anterior rami of the other spinal nerves in that each pursues an independent course without plexus formation.
Since the lumbar plexus and sacral plexus are interconnected, they are sometimes referred to as the lumbosacral plexus. The intercostal nerves that give rami to the chest and to the upper parts of the abdominal wall efferent motor innervation and to the pleura and peritoneum afferent sensory innervation are the only ones that do not originate ...
The Batson venous plexus, which communicates the posterior intercostal vessels with the vertebral plexus, lacks valves so blood can flow in both directions. The clinical importance of this venous communication is that it represents an important phase in the establishment of vertebral metastases [ 6 ] and neuroschistomiasis.
The intercostobrachial nerve is the name applied to the lateral cutaneous branch of the second intercostal nerve. It arises anterior to the long thoracic nerve . It provides sensory innervation to the skin of the axilla, and a variable region of the medial side of the upper arm.
Upper posterior intercostal veins may additionally drain via brachiocephalic vens. They may drain to ascending lumbar veins . They may drain into the inferior vena cava directly, reaching it by winding around the surface of the vertebral body.
The anterior divisions of the seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, and eleventh thoracic intercostal nerves are continued anteriorly from the intercostal spaces into the abdominal wall; hence they are named thoraco-abdominal nerves (or thoracicoabdominal intercostal nerves).
Inferior hypogastric plexus; Inferior mesenteric plexus; Inferior palpebral nerve; Infraorbital nerve; Infraorbital plexus; Infratrochlear nerve; Intercostal nerves; Intercostobrachial nerve; Intermediate cutaneous nerve; Internal carotid plexus; Internal laryngeal nerve; Interneuron; Jugular ganglion; Lacrimal nerve; Lateral cord; Lateral ...
These rami are called the intercostal nerves. In regions other than the thoracic, ventral rami converge with each other to form networks of nerves called nerve plexuses. Within each plexus, fibers from the various ventral rami branch and become redistributed so that each nerve exiting the plexus has fibers from several different spinal nerves.