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The history of coronaviruses is an account of the discovery of the diseases caused by coronaviruses and the diseases they cause. It starts with the first report of a new type of upper-respiratory tract disease among chickens in the U.S. state of North Dakota, in 1931.
The first demonstration of phagocytosis as a property of leukocytes, the immune cells, was from the German zoologist Ernst Haeckel. [14] [15] In 1846, English physician Thomas Wharton Jones had discovered that a group of leucocytes, which he called "granule-cell" (later renamed and identified as eosinophil [16]), could change shape, the phenomenon later called amoeboid movement.
The most similar known viruses to SARS-CoV-2 include bat coronaviruses RpYN06 with 94.5% identity, [15] and RmYN02 with 93% identity [18] RaTG13 was not the direct progenitor of SARS-CoV-2. [19] Temmam et al. found no serological evidence for exposure to BANAL-52 among bat handlers and guano collectors in the area of Laos where it was sampled. [20]
Transmission and life-cycle of SARS-CoV-2 causing COVID-19. Coronaviruses vary significantly in risk factor. Some can kill more than 30% of those infected, such as MERS-CoV, and some are relatively harmless, such as the common cold. [49] Coronaviruses can cause colds with major symptoms, such as fever, and a sore throat from swollen adenoids. [91]
Natural selection produced the human coronavirus by mutation in humans. The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 interacts with furin, an enzyme found in human cells. Furin-like sites are present in other viruses such as HIV and Ebola virus, but not in bat or pangolin coronaviruses, suggesting that the specific furin interaction developed only in humans.
The class I fusion proteins, a group whose well-characterized examples include the coronavirus spike protein, influenza virus hemagglutinin, and HIV Gp41, are thought to be evolutionarily related. [ 7 ] [ 86 ] The S2 region of the spike protein responsible for membrane fusion is more highly conserved than the S1 region responsible for receptor ...
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. In January 2020, the disease spread worldwide, resulting in the COVID-19 pandemic . The symptoms of COVID‑19 can vary but often include fever, [ 7 ] fatigue, cough, breathing difficulties , loss of smell , and loss of taste .