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Gaius Petronius's attack might have had a revitalizing influence on the kingdom. Three years later, in 22 BC, a large Kushite force moved northward with intention of attacking Qasr Ibrim. Alerted to the advance, Petronius again marched south and managed to reach Qasr Ibrim and bolster its defences before the invading Kushites arrived.
The Kingdom of Kush (/ k ʊ ʃ, k ʌ ʃ /; Egyptian: 𓎡𓄿𓈙𓈉 kꜣš, Assyrian: Kûsi, in LXX Χους or Αἰθιοπία; Coptic: ⲉϭⲱϣ Ecōš; Hebrew: כּוּשׁ Kūš), also known as the Kushite Empire, or simply Kush, was an ancient kingdom in Nubia, centered along the Nile Valley in what is now northern Sudan and southern Egypt.
Amanirenas (also spelled Amanirena), was queen regnant of the Kingdom of Kush from the end of the 1st century BCE to beginning of the 1st century CE. [1] She is known for invading Roman occupied Egypt and successfully negotiating the end of Roman retaliation, [2] retaining Kushite independence.
Strabo reports that Petronius continued to advance- taking Premnis and then the Kushite city of Napata. [36] Petronius deemed the roadless country unsuitable or too difficult for further operations. He pulled back to Premnis, strengthening its fortifications, and leaving a garrison in place. [37]
The Romans attempted to solidify their authority in Nubia by appointing a local ruler and forcing Kushite officials to pay tribute to Rome. However, the Kushites showed resistance against Roman control, resulting in a series of raids and counter-attacks between the Roman and the Kushite forces (Strabo, Geography 17.1.54). The Kushites attacked ...
Here, the king went into the Holy of Holies, where he was confirmed as king by a divine oracle. In the years 25/24 BC, the Romans invaded Nubia during a campaign against the Kushites led by Gaius Petronius. He destroyed the temple and took Jebel Barkal from queen Amanirenas, one of the ruling Kandakes.
The site was partly rebuilt "under the prefecture of Gaius Petronius during Augustus' reign." [5] Qasr Ibrim played a key role in Rome's defense of the Aswan region, and was likely held until AD 100 or later. [6] The fortress, constructed by Roman military engineers, was the strongest in the Nile Valley at this time. [6]
Some sources credit Kashta as the founder of the 25th dynasty since he was the first Kushite king known to have expanded his kingdom's influence into Upper Egypt. [13] Under Kashta's reign, the native Kushite population of his kingdom, situated between the third and fourth Cataracts of the Nile , became rapidly 'Egyptianized' and adopted ...