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Face negotiation theory is a theory conceived by Stella Ting-Toomey in 1985, to understand how people from different cultures manage rapport and disagreements. [1] The theory posited " face ", or self-image when communicating with others, [ 1 ] as a universal phenomenon that pervades across cultures.
Identity negotiation refers to the processes through which people reach agreements regarding "who is who" in their relationships. Once these agreements are reached, people are expected to remain faithful to the identities they have agreed to assume.
Intercultural communication is a discipline that studies communication across different cultures and social groups, or how culture affects communication.It describes the wide range of communication processes and problems that naturally appear within an organization or social context made up of individuals from different religious, social, ethnic, and educational backgrounds.
I’d suggest the author take into consideration giving more explicit practical example of the theory, and include some more relevant content by exploring the following readings: “Conflict face-negotiation theory: Tracking its evolutionary journey” by Stella Ting-Toomey is a recent article released in 2017 that will help better understand ...
[1] [18] These two aspects of face are the basic wants in any social interaction; during any social interaction, cooperation is needed amongst the participants to maintain each other's face. [1] Participants can do this by using positive politeness and negative politeness, which pay attention to people's positive and negative face needs ...
Stella Ting-Toomey developed Face Negotiation Theory to explain cultural differences in communication and conflict resolution. Ting-Toomey defines face as: Ting-Toomey defines face as:
BATNA was developed by negotiation researchers Roger Fisher and William Ury of the Harvard Program on Negotiation (PON), in their series of books on principled negotiation that started with Getting to YES (1981), equivalent to the game theory concept of a disagreement point from bargaining problems pioneered by Nobel Laureate John Forbes Nash decades earlier.
Identity management theory explores the role of face, negotiation, and identity convergence in regard to intercultural communication. IMT seeks to explain how the development of interpersonal relationships is the means by which cultural identities are negotiated. [1]