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Algebra is the branch of mathematics that studies certain abstract systems, known as algebraic structures, and the manipulation of expressions within those systems. It is a generalization of arithmetic that introduces variables and algebraic operations other than the standard arithmetic operations, such as addition and multiplication.
Although some students take it as eighth graders, this class is most commonly taken in ninth or tenth grade, [44] after the students have taken Pre-algebra. Students learn about real numbers and the order of operations (PEMDAS), functions, linear equations, graphs, polynomials, the factor theorem , radicals , and quadratic equations (factoring ...
Precalculus is the exception to the rule, as it usually integrates algebra, trigonometry, and geometry topics. Statistics may be integrated into all the courses or presented as a separate course. New York State began using integrated math curricula in the 1980s, [4] but recently returned to a traditional curriculum.
Focus on Algebra is far from the worst of the new books. However, it contains a representative sample of what is being called 'a mile wide and an inch deep'." [3] Senator Robert Byrd, Democrat from West Virginia, joined critics of reform mathematics on the floor of the Senate by dubbing Focus on Algebra "whacko algebra". [4]
The term algebra is derived from the Arabic word al-jabr meaning 'the reunion of broken parts' that he used for naming one of these methods in the title of his main treatise. [31] [32] Algebra became an area in its own right only with François Viète (1540–1603), who introduced the use of variables for representing unknown or unspecified ...
Precalculus prepares students for calculus somewhat differently from the way that pre-algebra prepares students for algebra. While pre-algebra often has extensive coverage of basic algebraic concepts, precalculus courses might see only small amounts of calculus concepts, if at all, and often involves covering algebraic topics that might not have been given attention in earlier algebra courses.
Universal algebra (sometimes called general algebra) is the field of mathematics that studies algebraic structures themselves, not examples ("models") of algebraic structures. For instance, rather than take particular groups as the object of study, in universal algebra one takes the class of groups as an object of study.
Topics introduced in the New Math include set theory, modular arithmetic, algebraic inequalities, bases other than 10, matrices, symbolic logic, Boolean algebra, and abstract algebra. [2] All of the New Math projects emphasized some form of discovery learning. [3] Students worked in groups to invent theories about problems posed in the textbooks.