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  2. Causality - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causality

    Causality is an influence by which one event, process, state, or object (a cause) contributes to the production of another event, process, state, or object (an effect) where the cause is at least partly responsible for the effect, and the effect is at least partly dependent on the cause. [1]

  3. Causal reasoning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_reasoning

    Causal reasoning is the process of identifying causality: the relationship between a cause and its effect. The study of causality extends from ancient philosophy to contemporary neuropsychology ; assumptions about the nature of causality may be shown to be functions of a previous event preceding a later one.

  4. Mill's methods - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill's_Methods

    Despite the name, it is weaker than the direct method of difference and does not include it. Symbolically, the Joint method of agreement and difference can be represented as: A B C occur together with x y z A D E occur together with x v w F G occur with y w —————————————————— Therefore A is the cause, or the ...

  5. Causal inference - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_inference

    Causal inference is the process of determining the independent, actual effect of a particular phenomenon that is a component of a larger system. The main difference between causal inference and inference of association is that causal inference analyzes the response of an effect variable when a cause of the effect variable is changed.

  6. Proximate and ultimate causation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proximate_and_ultimate...

    A proximate cause is an event which is closest to, or immediately responsible for causing, some observed result. This exists in contrast to a higher-level ultimate cause (or distal cause) which is usually thought of as the "real" reason something occurred. The concept is used in many fields of research and analysis, including data science and ...

  7. Correlation does not imply causation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation_does_not_imply...

    Reverse causation or reverse causality or wrong direction is an informal fallacy of questionable cause where cause and effect are reversed. The cause is said to be the effect and vice versa. Example 1 The faster that windmills are observed to rotate, the more wind is observed. Therefore, wind is caused by the rotation of windmills.

  8. Universal causation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_causation

    Pluralized causal principle - there are pluralized versions of universal causation, that allow exceptions to the principle. Robert K. Meyer's causal chain principle, [15] uses set theory axioms, assumes that something must cause itself in set of causes and so universal causation doesn't exclude self-causation. Against infinite regress.

  9. Causal analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_analysis

    Causal analysis is the field of experimental design and statistics pertaining to establishing cause and effect. [1] Typically it involves establishing four elements: correlation, sequence in time (that is, causes must occur before their proposed effect), a plausible physical or information-theoretical mechanism for an observed effect to follow from a possible cause, and eliminating the ...