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About 90% of nematodes reside in the top 15 cm (6") of soil. Nematodes do not decompose organic matter, but, instead, are parasitic and free-living organisms that feed on living material. Nematodes can effectively regulate bacterial population and community composition—they may eat up to 5,000 bacteria per minute.
Non-Association Nematodes can live both on land and in water, residing in both soil and underwater sediment. However, as found by Rebecci et al. in their 2020 study, desiccation is a major selective force in only terrestrial environments, which the larva will combat by dauer dormancy. [ 19 ]
The nematodes are transmitted plant to plant by splashing, overhead irrigation, rainfall, and other forms of dripping water. They can also be transmitted through infected vegetative nursery cuttings, and can be rapidly spread in new material if symptoms are not present during the propagation of cuttings.
The temperature of the water affects the speed of hatching of the eggs. In warmer temperatures, eggs take between 4 and 8 days to hatch, but in temperatures below 5 °C, it may take up to 82 days. [3] Once they are hatched, they can survive up to a month in warmer temperatures, and can last even longer in cooler temperatures below 10 °C. [4]
While in a cryptobiotic state, its metabolism reduces to less than 0.01% of what is normal, and its water content can drop to 1% of normal. [21] It can withstand extreme temperature, radiation, and pressure while in a cryptobiotic state. [22] Some nematodes and rotifers can also undergo cryptobiosis. [23]
Root-knot nematodes are plant-parasitic nematodes from the genus Meloidogyne. They exist in soil in areas with hot climates or short winters. About 2000 species of plants worldwide are susceptible to infection by root-knot nematodes and they cause approximately 5% of global crop loss . [ 1 ]
The IJs can be stored in tap water or buffer for several months, and can even be frozen for long term storage in liquid nitrogen. [11] When stored, the nematodes tend to display reduced movement, though disturbed nematodes move actively.
The nematodes can also move on the outside of the plant surface when water is present, so the nematodes can move around the outside surface of the plant and infect new tissues. Therefore, once plants show any signs of infection, they should be removed and destroyed. [ 2 ]