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Inductive programming (IP) is a special area of automatic programming, covering research from artificial intelligence and programming, which addresses learning of typically declarative (logic or functional) and often recursive programs from incomplete specifications, such as input/output examples or constraints.
The input to Aleph is background knowledge, specified as a logic program, a language bias in the form of mode declarations, as well as positive and negative examples specified as ground facts. [ 2 ] As output it returns a logic program which, together with the background knowledge, entails all of the positive examples and none of the negative ...
Inductive logic programming has adopted several different learning settings, the most common of which are learning from entailment and learning from interpretations. [16] In both cases, the input is provided in the form of background knowledge B, a logical theory (commonly in the form of clauses used in logic programming), as well as positive and negative examples, denoted + and respectively.
Based in grounded theory, open coding is the analytic process through which concepts (codes) are attached to observed data and phenomena during qualitative data analysis.It is one of the techniques described by Strauss (1987) and Strauss and Corbin (1990) for working with text.
Like most research methods, the process of thematic analysis of data can occur both inductively or deductively. [1] In an inductive approach, the themes identified are strongly linked to the data. [4] This means that the process of coding occurs without trying to fit the data into pre-existing theory or framework.
Angluin received her B.A. (1969) and Ph.D. (1976) at University of California, Berkeley. [7] Her thesis, entitled "An application of the theory of computational complexity to the study of inductive inference" [8] was one of the first works to apply complexity theory to the field of inductive inference. [9]
Some examples of first cycle coding methods include: In vivo coding: Codes terms and phrases used by the participants themselves. The objective is to attempt to give the participants a voice in the research. Process coding: This method uses gerunds ("-ing" words) only to describe and display actions throughout the document. It is useful for ...
Axial coding in grounded theory is the process of relating codes (categories and concepts) to each other, via a combination of inductive and deductive thinking. According to Strauss and Corbin (1990, 1998) who propose the use of a "coding paradigm", the basic framework of generic relationships is understood to include categories related to: