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The second paper explained Brownian motion, which established the Einstein relation = and compelled physicists to accept the existence of atoms. The third paper introduced Einstein's special theory of relativity , which proclaims the constancy of the speed of light c {\displaystyle c} and derives the Lorentz transformations .
Within months, Einstein's description of Brownian motion was experimentally verified by Henry Siedentopf. [8]: 103–106 In 1905, Einstein developed his special theory of relativity, which reconciled the Galilean relativity of motion with the observed constancy of the speed of light (a paradox of 19th-century physics). [14]
It is one of the four groundbreaking papers Einstein published in 1905, in Annalen der Physik, in his miracle year. In 1827, botanist Robert Brown used a microscope to look at dust grains floating in water. He found that the floating grains were moving about erratically; a phenomenon that became known as "Brownian motion". This was thought to ...
Scientific publications by Albert Einstein; Annus Mirabilis papers (1905) "Investigations on the Theory of Brownian Movement" (1905) Relativity: The Special and the General Theory (1916) The World as I See It (1934) "Why Socialism?" (1949) Russell–Einstein Manifesto (1955)
This observation is useful in defining Brownian motion on an m-dimensional Riemannian manifold (M, g): a Brownian motion on M is defined to be a diffusion on M whose characteristic operator in local coordinates x i, 1 ≤ i ≤ m, is given by 1 / 2 Δ LB, where Δ LB is the Laplace–Beltrami operator given in local coordinates by ...
(Einstein was formally awarded his PhD on 15 January 1906.) [78] [79] [80] Four other pieces of work that Einstein completed in 1905—his famous papers on the photoelectric effect, Brownian motion, his special theory of relativity and the equivalence of mass and energy—have led to the year being celebrated as an annus mirabilis for physics ...
In physics (specifically, the kinetic theory of gases), the Einstein relation is a previously unexpected [clarification needed] connection revealed independently by William Sutherland in 1904, [1] [2] [3] Albert Einstein in 1905, [4] and by Marian Smoluchowski in 1906 [5] in their works on Brownian motion.
The Einstein Papers Project at the California Institute of Technology. Digital Einstein Papers at Princeton University. The Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists in Post-War America (Project of the Oregon State University) Overbye, Dennis (20 May 2003). "Now on the Web, a Peek Into Einstein's Thoughts". The New York Times.