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The term plasmid was coined in 1952 by the American molecular biologist Joshua Lederberg to refer to "any extrachromosomal hereditary determinant." [11] [12] The term's early usage included any bacterial genetic material that exists extrachromosomally for at least part of its replication cycle, but because that description includes bacterial viruses, the notion of plasmid was refined over time ...
Other cloning vectors include the pUC series of plasmids, and a large number of different cloning plasmid vectors are available. Many plasmids have high copy numbers, for example, pUC19 has a copy number of 500-700 copies per cell, [6] and high copy number is useful as it produces greater yield of recombinant plasmid for subsequent manipulation ...
Many biotechnology applications utilize mutated plasmids that replicate to high copy number. For example, pBR322 is a medium copy number plasmid (~20 copies/cell) from which several high copy number cloning vectors (>100 copies/cell) have been derived by mutagenesis, such as the well known pUC series. [ 1 ]
Plasmids and bacteriophages are usually replicated as single replicons, but large plasmids in Gram-negative bacteria have been shown to carry several replicons. [ 5 ] Eukaryotes
The bacteria containing the plasmids can generate millions of copies of the vector within the bacteria in hours, and the amplified vectors can be extracted from the bacteria for further manipulation. Plasmids may be used specifically as transcription vectors and such plasmids may lack crucial sequences for protein expression. Plasmids used for ...
A bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) is a DNA construct, based on a functional fertility plasmid (or F-plasmid), used for transforming and cloning in bacteria, usually E. coli. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] F-plasmids play a crucial role because they contain partition genes that promote the even distribution of plasmids after bacterial cell division.
These genes code for a series of proteins that cut the binary vector at the left and right border sequences, and facilitate transfer and integration of T-DNA to the plant's cells and genomes, respectively. [4] Several vir helper plasmids have been reported, [12] and common Agrobacterium strains that include vir helper plasmids are: EHA101 ...
This is a quantification of how many cells were altered by 1 μg of plasmid DNA. In essence, it is a sign that the transformation experiment was successful. [1] It should be determined under conditions of cell excess. [2] Transformation efficiency is typically measured as the number of transformed cells per total number of cells.