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arctan2 – inverse tangent function with two arguments. (Also written as atan2.) arg – argument of. [2] arg max – argument of the maximum. arg min – argument of the minimum. arsech – inverse hyperbolic secant function. arsinh – inverse hyperbolic sine function. artanh – inverse hyperbolic tangent function. a.s. – almost surely.
One stark difference is that Diophantine equations have an undecidable solubility problem, [2] whereas the analogous problem for word equations is decidable. [ 3 ] A classical example of a word equation is the commutation equation x w = ⋅ w x {\displaystyle xw{\overset {\cdot }{=}}wx} , in which x {\displaystyle x} is an unknown and w ...
On a formal level, an algebraic structure is a set [h] of mathematical objects, called the underlying set, together with one or several operations. [ i ] Abstract algebra is primarily interested in binary operations , [ j ] which take any two objects from the underlying set as inputs and map them to another object from this set as output. [ 60 ]
A tree structure is a graph where the vertices are connected by one line, called a path or edge. Trees may not contain cycles, and may or may not be complete. It is possible to encode a word, since a word is constructed by symbols, and encode the data by using a tree. [1] This gives a visual representation of the object.
Single-step methods (such as Euler's method) refer to only one previous point and its derivative to determine the current value. Methods such as Runge–Kutta take some intermediate steps (for example, a half-step) to obtain a higher order method, but then discard all previous information before taking a second step.
The use of multiple representations supports and requires tasks that involve decision-making and other problem-solving skills. [2] [3] [4] The choice of which representation to use, the task of making representations given other representations, and the understanding of how changes in one representation affect others are examples of such mathematically sophisticated activities.
In other words, a freely moving or falling particle always moves along a geodesic. In general relativity, gravity can be regarded as not a force but a consequence of a curved spacetime geometry where the source of curvature is the stress–energy tensor (representing matter, for instance). Thus, for example, the path of a planet orbiting a star ...
The metric tensor is a central object in general relativity that describes the local geometry of spacetime (as a result of solving the Einstein field equations). Using the weak-field approximation , the metric tensor can also be thought of as representing the 'gravitational potential'.