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A voltage sag happens when the RMS voltage decreases between 10 and 90 percent of nominal voltage for one-half cycle to one minute. [2] [4] Some references define the duration of a sag for a period of 0.5 cycle to a few seconds, [5] [6] and a longer duration of low voltage would be called a sustained sag. [5]
The RMS over all time of a periodic function is equal to the RMS of one period of the function. The RMS value of a continuous function or signal can be approximated by taking the RMS of a sample consisting of equally spaced observations. Additionally, the RMS value of various waveforms can also be determined without calculus, as shown by ...
When the RMS voltage exceeds the nominal voltage by 10 to 80% for 0.5 cycle to 1 minute, the event is called a "swell". A "dip" (in British English) or a "sag" (in American English the two terms are equivalent) is the opposite situation: the RMS voltage is below the nominal voltage by 10 to 90% for 0.5 cycle to 1 minute.
In distorted periodic signals (or waveforms) that possess half-wave symmetry, which means the waveform during the negative half cycle is equal to the negative of the waveform during the positive half cycle, all of the even harmonics are zero (= = =) and the DC component is also zero (=), so they only have odd harmonics (); these odd harmonics ...
The squaring in RMS and the absolute value in ARV mean that both the values and the form factor are independent of the wave function's sign (and thus, the electrical signal's direction) at any point. For this reason, the form factor is the same for a direction-changing wave with a regular average of 0 and its fully rectified version.
A sine wave, over one cycle (360°). The dashed line represents the root mean square (RMS) value at (about 0.707). Below an AC waveform (with no DC component) is assumed. The RMS voltage is the square root of the mean over one cycle of the square of the instantaneous voltage.
The rms current is given by: = Where: = V svc is the rms value ... V svc is the rms value of the line-to-line busbar voltage to which ... about half a cycle after ...
Various properties of ripple voltage may be important depending on application: the equation of the ripple for Fourier analysis to determine the constituent harmonics; the peak (usually peak-to-peak) value of the voltage; the root mean square (RMS) value of the voltage which is a component of power transmitted; the ripple factor γ, the ratio ...