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A lysosome (/ ˈ l aɪ s ə ˌ s oʊ m /) is a single membrane-bound organelle found in many animal cells. [1] [2] They are spherical vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes that digest many kinds of biomolecules. A lysosome has a specific composition, of both its membrane proteins and its lumenal proteins.
In 2016, it was established that RagA and Lamtor4 were key to microglia functioning and biogenesis regulation within the lysosome. Further studies also indicate that the Ragulator-Rag complex interacts with proteins other than mTORC1, including an interaction with v-ATPase, which facilitates functions within microglia of the lysosome. [7]
TFEB is a master gene for lysosomal biogenesis. [7] It encodes a transcription factor that coordinates expression of lysosomal hydrolases, membrane proteins and genes involved in autophagy . [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Upon nutrient depletion and under aberrant lysosomal storage conditions such as in lysosomal storage diseases , TFEB translocates from the ...
BLOC-1 or biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex 1 is a ubiquitously expressed multisubunit protein complex in a group of complexes that also includes BLOC-2 and BLOC-3. BLOC-1 is required for normal biogenesis of specialized organelles of the endosomal-lysosomal system, such as melanosomes and platelet dense granules.
The main functions of a lysosome are to process molecules taken in by the cell and to recycle worn out cell parts. The enzymes inside of lysosomes are acid hydrolases which require an acidic environment for optimal performance. Lysosomes provide such an environment by maintaining a pH of 5.0 inside of the organelle. [37]
Akt regulates TFEB, a master controller of lysosomal biogenesis, [29] by direct phosphorylation of TFEB at serine 467. [30] Phosphorylated TFEB is excluded from the nucleus and less active. [ 30 ] Pharmacological inhibition of Akt promotes nuclear translocation of TFEB , lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy.
TMEM106B helps facilitate important functions for maintaining a healthy lysosome, and therefore certain mutations and polymorphisms can lead to issues with proper lysosomal function. Lysosomes are in charge of clearing out mis-folded proteins and other debris, and thus, play an important role in neurodegenerative diseases that are driven by the ...
The autophagic process is divided into five distinct stages: Initiation, phagophore nucleation, autophagosomal formation (elongation), autophagosome-lysosome fusion (autophagolysosome) and cargo degradation. [1] An autophagosome is a spherical structure with double layer membranes. [2]
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