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In atomic physics and quantum chemistry, Hund's rules refers to a set of rules that German physicist Friedrich Hund formulated around 1925, which are used to determine the term symbol that corresponds to the ground state of a multi-electron atom. The first rule is especially important in chemistry, where it is often referred to simply as Hund's ...
Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity is a rule based on observation of atomic spectra, which is used to predict the ground state of an atom or molecule with one or more open electronic shells. The rule states that for a given electron configuration , the lowest energy term is the one with the greatest value of spin multiplicity . [ 1 ]
Friedrich Hermann Hund (4 February 1896 – 31 March 1997) was a German physicist from Karlsruhe known for his work on atoms and molecules. [1] He is known for the Hund's rules to predict the electron configuration of chemical elements.
An example of Hund's case (c) is the lowest 3 Π u state of diiodine (I 2), which approximates more closely to case (c) than to case (a). [ 6 ] The selection rules for S {\displaystyle S} , Ω {\displaystyle \Omega } and parity are valid as for cases (a) and (b), but there are no rules for Λ {\displaystyle \Lambda } and Σ {\displaystyle ...
Molecular orbital theory was developed in the years after valence bond theory had been established (1927), primarily through the efforts of Friedrich Hund, Robert Mulliken, John C. Slater, and John Lennard-Jones. [4] MO theory was originally called the Hund-Mulliken theory. [5]
Hund's rule states that when there are several MO's with equal energy, the electrons occupy the MO's one at a time before two electrons occupy the same MO. The filled MO highest in energy is called the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the empty MO just above it is then the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO).
Hund's rules are three rules in atomic physics used to determine the term symbol that corresponds to the ground state of a multi-electron atom. Named after Friedrich Hund. Hutber's law: "Improvement means deterioration." Coined by financial journalist Patrick Hutber.
See also: List of things named after Carl Friedrich Gauss: Mathematics, Physics: Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss: Gay-Lussac's law: Chemistry: Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac: Gibbs–Helmholtz equation: Thermodynamics: Josiah Willard Gibbs, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz: Gödel's incompleteness theorems: Mathematics: Kurt Gödel: Graham's law ...