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Candle moulding machine in Indonesia circa 1920. Candle making was developed independently in a number of countries around the world. [1]Candles were primarily made from tallow and beeswax in Europe from the Roman period until the modern era, when spermaceti (from sperm whales) was used in the 18th and 19th centuries, [2] and purified animal fats and paraffin wax since the 19th century. [1]
Ancient Chinese glass refers to all types of glass manufactured in China prior to the Qing dynasty (1644–1911). In Chinese history, glass played a peripheral role in arts and crafts, when compared to ceramics and metal work. [1] The limited archaeological distribution and use of glass objects are evidence of the rarity of the material.
Chinese wax is used chiefly in the manufacture of sizes, candles, temple images and other articles connected with ceremonial worship, and polish for furniture. It is used for burnishing the back of Chinese hanging scrolls with a stone. [citation needed] It is also used in cosmetics in China and Japan. [4]
By the 13th century, candle making had become a guild craft in England and France, with a French guild documented as early as 1061. [18] The candle makers (chandlers) went from house to house making candles from the kitchen fats saved for that purpose, or made and sold their own candles from small candle shops. [19]
Porcelain was a Chinese invention and is so identified with China that it is still called "china" in everyday English usage. Pair of famille rose vases with landscapes of the four seasons, 1760–1795. Most later Chinese ceramics, even of the finest quality, were made on an industrial scale, thus few names of individual potters were recorded.
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