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Smooth muscle cells in the tunica media of many blood vessels also produce IL-6 as a pro-inflammatory cytokine. IL-6's role as an anti-inflammatory myokine is mediated through its inhibitory effects on TNF and IL-1 and its activation of IL-1ra and IL-10. There is some early evidence that IL-6 can be used as an inflammatory marker for severe ...
In fact, eccentric exercise may result in a delayed peak and a much slower decrease of plasma IL-6 during recovery. [23] Anti-IL-6 therapies should therefore take into consideration the (beneficial) anti-inflammatory effects of myokines generally, including the now-established multiple benefits of muscle-derived Interleukin 6. [23]
Some inflammatory cytokines have additional roles such as acting as growth factors. [5] Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α also trigger pathological pain. [1] While IL-1β is released by monocytes and macrophages, it is also present in nociceptive DRG neurons. IL-6 plays a role in neuronal reaction to an injury.
IL-28-IL28R: Plays a role in immune defense against viruses: IL-29-Plays a role in host defenses against microbes: IL-30-Forms one chain of IL-27: IL-31: Th2 cells: IL31RA: May play a role in inflammation of the skin: IL-32-Induces monocytes and macrophages to secrete TNF-α, IL-8 and CXCL2: IL-33: epithelial cells: Induces helper T cells to ...
TNF-α, IL-1β and IFN-γ are important for the expression of inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes, and they also cause the production of platelet-activating factor and IL-6. After stimulation with proinflammatory cytokines, Kupffer cells produce IL-6 in the liver and present it to the hepatocytes. IL-6 is the major ...
[17] [18] The fact that cytokines themselves trigger the release of other cytokines [19] [20] [21] and lead to increased oxidative stress makes them important in chronic inflammation, as well as other immunoresponses, such as fever and acute phase proteins of the liver (IL-1,6,12, IFN-a). Cytokines also play a role in anti-inflammatory pathways ...
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Chronic systemic inflammation is the result of release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from immune-related cells and the chronic activation of the innate immune system.It can contribute to the development or progression of certain conditions such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, autoimmune and neurodegenerative ...
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