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Ceramic flux. Fluxes are substances, usually oxides, used in glasses, glazes and ceramic bodies to lower the high melting point of the main glass forming constituents, usually silica and alumina. A ceramic flux functions by promoting partial or complete liquefaction. [1][2] The most commonly used fluxing oxides in a ceramic glaze contain lead ...
Cut glass wine glass made of lead glass. Lead glass, commonly called crystal, is a variety of glass in which lead replaces the calcium content of a typical potash glass. [1] Lead glass contains typically 18–40% (by mass) lead(II) oxide (PbO), while modern lead crystal, historically also known as flint glass due to the original silica source, contains a minimum of 24% PbO. [2]
Potassium alum, potash alum, or potassium aluminium sulfate is a chemical compound first mentioned under various Sanskrit names in Ayurvedic medicinal texts such as charak samhita, sushrut samhita, and ashtang hridaya; is chemically defined as the double sulfate of potassium and aluminium, with chemical formula KAl(SO 4) 2.
Ancient Chinese glass refers to all types of glass manufactured in China prior to the Qing dynasty (1644–1911). In Chinese history, glass played a peripheral role in arts and crafts, when compared to ceramics and metal work. [1] The limited archaeological distribution and use of glass objects are evidence of the rarity of the material.
Tin-glazing. Tin-glazing is the process of giving tin-glazed pottery items a ceramic glaze that is white, glossy and opaque, which is normally applied to red or buff earthenware. Tin-glaze is plain lead glaze with a small amount of tin oxide added. [1] The opacity and whiteness of tin glaze encourage its frequent decoration.
Potassium nitrate is a chemical compound with a sharp, salty, bitter taste and the chemical formula K N O. 3. It is an ionic salt of potassium ions K + and nitrate ions NO 3−, and is therefore an alkali metal nitrate. It occurs in nature as a mineral, niter (or nitre outside the US). [5]
Ceramic glaze, or simply glaze, is a glassy coating on ceramics. It is used for decoration, to ensure the item is impermeable to liquids and to minimise the adherence of pollutants. [1] Glazing renders earthenware impermeable to water, sealing the inherent porosity of earthenware. It also gives a tougher surface.
Forest glass (Waldglas in German) is medieval glass produced in northwestern and central Europe from approximately 1000–1700 AD using wood ash and sand as the main raw materials and made in factories known as glasshouses in forest areas. [1] It is characterized by a variety of greenish-yellow colors, the earlier products often being of crude ...