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In functional programming, fold (also termed reduce, accumulate, aggregate, compress, or inject) refers to a family of higher-order functions that analyze a recursive data structure and through use of a given combining operation, recombine the results of recursively processing its constituent parts, building up a return value.
A fast FMA can speed up and improve the accuracy of many computations that involve the accumulation of products: Dot product; Matrix multiplication; Polynomial evaluation (e.g., with Horner's rule) Newton's method for evaluating functions (from the inverse function) Convolutions and artificial neural networks; Multiplication in double-double ...
Microsoft Visual C++ 2010 SP1 supports FMA4 instructions. [26] Microsoft Visual C++ 2012 supports FMA3 instructions (if the processor also supports AVX2 instruction set extension). Microsoft Visual C++ since VC 2013; PathScale supports FMA4 with -mfma. [27] LLVM 3.1 adds FMA4 support, [28] along with preliminary FMA3 support. [29] Open64 5.0 ...
Reverse accumulation traverses the chain rule from outside to inside, or in the case of the computational graph in Figure 3, from top to bottom. The example function is scalar-valued, and thus there is only one seed for the derivative computation, and only one sweep of the computational graph is needed to calculate the (two-component) gradient.
Prefix sums are trivial to compute in sequential models of computation, by using the formula y i = y i − 1 + x i to compute each output value in sequence order. However, despite their ease of computation, prefix sums are a useful primitive in certain algorithms such as counting sort, [1] [2] and they form the basis of the scan higher-order function in functional programming languages.
The C++ Standard Library provides several generic containers, functions to use and manipulate these containers, function objects, generic strings and streams (including interactive and file I/O), support for some language features, and functions for common tasks such as finding the square root of a number.
Dlib is a modern C++ library with easy to use linear algebra and optimization tools which benefit from optimized BLAS and LAPACK libraries. Eigen is a vector mathematics library with performance comparable with Intel's Math Kernel Library; Hermes Project: C++/Python library for rapid prototyping of space- and space-time adaptive hp-FEM solvers.
To elaborate on the above example, consider a base class with no virtual functions. Whenever the base class calls another member function, it will always call its own base class functions. When we derive a class from this base class, we inherit all the member variables and member functions that were not overridden (no constructors or destructors).