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Bifurcation theory is the mathematical study of changes in the qualitative or topological structure of a given family of curves, such as the integral curves of a family of vector fields, and the solutions of a family of differential equations.
Symmetry breaking in pitchfork bifurcation as the parameter ε is varied. ε = 0 is the case of symmetric pitchfork bifurcation.. In a dynamical system such as ¨ + (;) + =, which is structurally stable when , if a bifurcation diagram is plotted, treating as the bifurcation parameter, but for different values of , the case = is the symmetric pitchfork bifurcation.
The horizontal axis shows the possible values of the parameter r while the vertical axis shows the set of values of x visited asymptotically from almost all initial conditions by the iterates of the logistic equation with that r value. The bifurcation diagram is a self-similar: if we zoom in on the above-mentioned value r ≈ 3.82843 and focus ...
To see how this number arises, consider the real one-parameter map =.Here a is the bifurcation parameter, x is the variable. The values of a for which the period doubles (e.g. the largest value for a with no period-2 orbit, or the largest a with no period-4 orbit), are a 1, a 2 etc.
A typical example of a differential equation with a saddle-node bifurcation is: = +. Here is the state variable and is the bifurcation parameter.. If < there are two equilibrium points, a stable equilibrium point at and an unstable one at +.
Bifurcation diagram for the Rössler attractor for varying Here, a {\displaystyle a} is fixed at 0.2, c {\displaystyle c} is fixed at 5.7 and b {\displaystyle b} changes. As shown in the accompanying diagram, as b {\displaystyle b} approaches 0 the attractor approaches infinity (note the upswing for very small values of b {\displaystyle b} ).
The second equation (with () substituted) is called the bifurcation equation (though it may be a system of equations). The bifurcation equation has a Taylor expansion which lacks the constant and linear terms. By scaling the equations and the null space of the Jacobian of the original system a system can be found with non-singular Jacobian.
Complex eigenvalues of an arbitrary map (dots). In case of the Hopf bifurcation, two complex conjugate eigenvalues cross the imaginary axis. In the mathematical theory of bifurcations, a Hopf bifurcation is a critical point where, as a parameter changes, a system's stability switches and a periodic solution arises. [1]