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This primitive type of mask went through several stages of development before being superseded in 1916 by the canister gas mask. [12] More elaborate sorbent compounds were added later to further iterations of the helmet (P Helmet and PH helmet), to defeat other respiratory poison gases used such as phosgene, diphosgene and chloropicrin.
However, it was of fragile construction, required training to use effectively, and largely immobilized its wearers because they were concerned about the mask coming loose. [5] The Black Veil Respirator was soon replaced by the British Smoke Hood, an over the head canvas hood treated with chlorine-absorbing chemicals, invented by Cluny MacPherson.
The mask was issued at 20 May 1915. [10] A more effective respirator that could last longer was needed; the hypo helmet was created in hopes it would replace the inferior respirator. Earlier versions of the gas mask prior to 1915s development of the small box respirator were crude and ineffective as no troops had yet experienced poison warfare.
Cluny Macpherson was born in St. John's, Newfoundland to Campbell Macpherson and Emma Duder. He had a brother, Harold. [3]Macpherson received his early education at Methodist College and at the McGill University Faculty of Medicine from 1897–1901 where he earned his degree in Medicine. [3]
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Muirhead Bone was born in Partick, Glasgow.His parents were journalist David Drummond Bone (1841–1911) [4] and Elizabeth Millar Crawford (1847–1886). Bone and his siblings attended the local Board school and were placed in apprenticeships from the age of fourteen. [5]
The toddler was in the car with his mom and sister when they collided head on with another vehicle at the speed of 70 mph. The force from the crash was so intense that Jackson's head pulled apart ...