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Claude Shannon. The Shannon number, named after the American mathematician Claude Shannon, is a conservative lower bound of the game-tree complexity of chess of 10 120, based on an average of about 10 3 possibilities for a pair of moves consisting of a move for White followed by a move for Black, and a typical game lasting about 40 such pairs of moves.
Derangement. Permutation of the elements of a set in which no element appears in its original position. Number of possible permutations and derangements of n elements. n! (n factorial) is the number of n -permutations; !n (n subfactorial) is the number of derangements – n -permutations where all of the n elements change their initial places.
Combination. In mathematics, a combination is a selection of items from a set that has distinct members, such that the order of selection does not matter (unlike permutations). For example, given three fruits, say an apple, an orange and a pear, there are three combinations of two that can be drawn from this set: an apple and a pear; an apple ...
Combinatorial number system. In mathematics, and in particular in combinatorics, the combinatorial number system of degree k (for some positive integer k), also referred to as combinadics, or the Macaulay representation of an integer, is a correspondence between natural numbers (taken to include 0) N and k - combinations.
This would have been the first attempt on record to solve a difficult problem in permutations and combinations. [4] Al-Khalil (717–786), an Arab mathematician and cryptographer, wrote the Book of Cryptographic Messages. It contains the first use of permutations and combinations, to list all possible Arabic words with and without vowels. [5]
Replication (statistics) In engineering, science, and statistics, replication is the process of repeating a study or experiment under the same or similar conditions to support the original claim, which is crucial to confirm the accuracy of results as well as for identifying and correcting the flaws in the original experiment. [1] ASTM, in ...
For example the five compositions of 5 into distinct terms are: 5; 4 + 1; 3 + 2; 2 + 3; 1 + 4. Compare this with the three partitions of 5 into distinct terms: 5; 4 + 1; 3 + 2. Note that the ancient Sanskrit sages discovered many years before Fibonacci that the number of compositions of any natural number n as the sum of 1's and 2's is the nth ...
Stars and bars (combinatorics) Graphical aid for deriving some concepts in combinatorics. In the context of combinatorial mathematics, stars and bars (also called "sticks and stones", [1] "balls and bars", [2] and "dots and dividers" [3]) is a graphical aid for deriving certain combinatorial theorems. It can be used to solve many simple ...