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  2. Obsidian hydration dating - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidian_hydration_dating

    Obsidian hydration dating (OHD) is a geochemical method of determining age in either absolute or relative terms of an artifact made of obsidian.. Obsidian is a volcanic glass that was used by prehistoric people as a raw material in the manufacture of stone tools such as projectile points, knives, or other cutting tools through knapping, or breaking off pieces in a controlled manner, such as ...

  3. Nanotechnology for water purification - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology_for_water...

    Many different types of nanomaterials or nanoparticles are used in water treatment processes. Nanotechnology is useful in regards to remediation, desalination, filtration, purification and water treatment. The main features that make nanoparticles effective for water treatment are More surface area; Small volume

  4. Geology applications of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_applications_of...

    The most commonly investigated volatiles are water and carbon dioxide as they are the primary volatiles to drive volcanic and magmatic processes. [4] The absorbance of total water and molecular water is approximately 3450 cm-1 and 1630 cm-1. [2] The peak height of the absorption bands for CO 2 and CO 3 2− are 2350 cm −1 and 1430 cm −1 ...

  5. Convection (heat transfer) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convection_(Heat_transfer)

    For example, when water is heated on a stove, hot water from the bottom of the pan is displaced (or forced up) by the colder denser liquid, which falls. After heating has stopped, mixing and conduction from this natural convection eventually result in a nearly homogeneous density, and even temperature.

  6. Opal - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opal

    Opals too thin to produce a "natural" opal may be combined with other materials to form "composite" gems. An opal doublet consists of a relatively thin layer of precious opal, backed by a layer of dark-colored material, most commonly ironstone, dark or black common opal (potch), onyx, or obsidian. The darker backing emphasizes the play of color ...

  7. Subduction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subduction

    Subduction zone chemistry: The subducted sediments and crust dehydrate and release water-rich fluids into the overlying mantle, causing mantle melting and fractionation of elements between the surface and deep mantle reservoirs, producing island arcs and continental crust. Hot fluids in subduction zones also alter the mineral compositions of ...

  8. Obsidian - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidian

    The source of obsidian for cultures inhabiting the territory of and around Greece was the island of Milos; the Starčevo–Körös–Criș culture obtained obsidian from sources in Hungary and Slovakia, while the Cardium-Impresso cultural complex acquired obsidian from the island outcrops of the central Mediterranean.

  9. Earth's mantle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth's_mantle

    The internal structure of Earth. Earth's mantle is a layer of silicate rock between the crust and the outer core.It has a mass of 4.01 × 10 24 kg (8.84 × 10 24 lb) and makes up 67% of the mass of Earth. [1]