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Environmental regulations in developed countries have reduced the individual vehicle's emission. However, this has been offset by an increase in the number of vehicles, and increased use of each vehicle (an effect known as the Jevons paradox). [3] Some pathways to reduce the carbon emissions of road vehicles have been considerably studied. [5]
Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles is a critical component of a shift to sustainable transport; Motor vehicles driven by fossil fuels, a key factor in urban air pollution, can be replaced by electric vehicles. Even in emission-free electric vehicles, rubber tires produce significant amounts of air pollution themselves, ranking as 13th worst ...
Manufacturers pay a level of tax based upon the average fuel economy for each particular vehicle produced, ranging from $1,000 for vehicles achieving at least 21.5 but less than 22.5 MPG, to $7,000 for each vehicle achieving less than 12.5 MPG. Vehicles that achieve a minimum average fuel economy of 22.5 MPG are not subject to the gas guzzler tax.
About 16% of manmade carbon dioxide is from road transport, [17] mostly passenger vehicles. [18] Gasoline cars with less than two passengers produce more carbon dioxide per passenger kilometer than any other form of land transport. [19] The changing speed of a vehicle is a factor when considering the measurement of greenhouse gas emissions ...
Exhaust gas or flue gas is emitted as a result of the combustion of fuels such as natural gas, gasoline (petrol), diesel fuel, fuel oil, biodiesel blends, [1] or coal. According to the type of engine, it is discharged into the atmosphere through an exhaust pipe , flue gas stack , or propelling nozzle .
Brake wear gets released into the air as particulate matter. [1] [5] When applying pressure to the braking system forces the two together, Standard frictional brakes on a vehicle function under the friction between a brake pad and a rotating disc or drum. The frictional process causes abrasion of the brake pad and the surface of the disc or ...
Induction motors do not use magnets, but permanent magnet motors do. The magnets found in permanent magnet motors used in electric vehicles contain rare-earth metals to increase the power output of these motors. [45] The mining and processing of metals such as lithium, copper, and nickel can release toxic compounds into the surrounding area ...
Many gases have toxic properties, which are often assessed using the LC 50 (median lethal concentration) measure. In the United States, many of these gases have been assigned an NFPA 704 health rating of 4 (may be fatal) or 3 (may cause serious or permanent injury), and/or exposure limits (TLV, TWA/PEL, STEL, or REL) determined by the ACGIH professional association.