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Accessible surface area is often used when calculating the transfer free energy required to move a biomolecule from an aqueous solvent to a non-polar solvent, such as a lipid environment. The LCPO method is also used when calculating implicit solvent effects in the molecular dynamics software package AMBER.
Typically, the tip radius used in this microscope is on the order of 100 nm, and it is made of a metal with a high melting point, such as tungsten. [4] The sample is held at a large negative potential (1–10 kV) relative to the fluorescent screen, which generates an electric field near the tip apex of 2-7 x 10 9 V/m.
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A research proposal is a document proposing a research project, generally in the sciences or academia, and generally constitutes a request for sponsorship of that research. [1] Proposals are evaluated on the cost and potential impact of the proposed research, and on the soundness of the proposed plan for carrying it out. [ 2 ]
Radius of gyration (in polymer science)(, unit: nm or SI unit: m): For a macromolecule composed of mass elements, of masses , =1,2,…,, located at fixed distances from the centre of mass, the radius of gyration is the square-root of the mass average of over all mass elements, i.e.,
Earth radius (denoted as R 🜨 or R E) is the distance from the center of Earth to a point on or near its surface. Approximating the figure of Earth by an Earth spheroid (an oblate ellipsoid), the radius ranges from a maximum (equatorial radius, denoted a) of nearly 6,378 km (3,963 mi) to a minimum (polar radius, denoted b) of nearly 6,357 km (3,950 mi).
In applied sciences, the equivalent radius (or mean radius) is the radius of a circle or sphere with the same perimeter, area, or volume of a non-circular or non-spherical object. The equivalent diameter (or mean diameter ) ( D {\displaystyle D} ) is twice the equivalent radius.
The mean radius in astronomy is a measure for the size of planets and small Solar System bodies. Alternatively, the closely related mean diameter ( D {\displaystyle D} ), which is twice the mean radius, is also used.