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One can view this transposition as "pitch shifting", "shifting" each note up 7 keys on a piano keyboard, or adding a fixed amount on the Mel scale, or adding a fixed amount in linear pitch space. One can view the same transposition as "frequency scaling", "scaling" (multiplying) the frequency of every note by 3/2.
To convert a 24 frame/sec movie to 60 field/sec television, for example, alternate movie frames are shown 2 and 3 times, respectively. For 50 Hz systems such as PAL each frame is shown twice. Since 50 is not exactly 2×24, the movie will run 50/48 = 4% faster, and the audio pitch will be 4% higher, an effect known as PAL speed-up .
Pitch shifters are included in most audio processors today. A harmonizer is a type of pitch shifter that combines the pitch-shifted signal with the original to create a two or more note harmony. The Eventide H910 Harmonizer, [2] released in 1975, was one of the first commercially available pitch-shifters and digital multi-effects units. On ...
[1] [2] [3] The Doppler effect is named after the physicist Christian Doppler, who described the phenomenon in 1842. A common example of Doppler shift is the change of pitch heard when a vehicle sounding a horn approaches and recedes from an observer. Compared to the emitted frequency, the received frequency is higher during the approach ...
The fundamental frequency of speech can vary from 40 Hz for low-pitched voices to 600 Hz for high-pitched voices. [12] Autocorrelation methods need at least two pitch periods to detect pitch. This means that in order to detect a fundamental frequency of 40 Hz, at least 50 milliseconds (ms) of the speech signal must be analyzed.
Figure 1 shows the waveform of an audio file "" with 44100 Hz sampling frequency. Figure 2 shows the time-frequency plot of the short-time Fourier transform (in particular, Gabor transform) results of the audio file. In this plot, horizontal lines with frequencies not greater than 230 Hz represent the fundamental frequencies while horizontal ...
Enumerating the chroma values, one can identify the set of chroma values with the set of integers {1,2,...,12}, where 1 refers to chroma C, 2 to C ♯, and so on. A pitch class is defined as the set of all pitches that share the same chroma. For example, using the scientific pitch notation, the pitch class corresponding to the chroma C is the ...
Pitch contour may include multiple sounds utilizing many pitches, and can relate the frequency function at one point in time to the frequency function at a later point. It is fundamental to the linguistic concept of tone , where the pitch or change in pitch of a speech unit over time affects the semantic meaning of a sound.