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  2. Abacus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abacus

    The Nepōhualtzintzin was divided into two main parts separated by a bar or intermediate cord. In the left part were four beads. Beads in the first row have unitary values (1, 2, 3, and 4), and on the right side, three beads had values of 5, 10, and 15, respectively.

  3. Mental calculation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_calculation

    So the estimated square root of 15 is 3.875. The actual square root of 15 is 3.872983... One thing to note is that, no matter what the original guess was, the estimated answer will always be larger than the actual answer due to the inequality of arithmetic and geometric means. Thus, one should try rounding the estimated answer down.

  4. Histogram - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histogram

    3.2.1 Square-root choice. 3.2.2 Sturges's formula. 3. ... the range of values— divide the entire range of values into a series of intervals—and then count how ...

  5. Pi - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi

    The number π (/ p aɪ / ⓘ; spelled out as "pi") is a mathematical constant, approximately equal to 3.14159, that is the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter.It appears in many formulae across mathematics and physics, and some of these formulae are commonly used for defining π, to avoid relying on the definition of the length of a curve.

  6. Logarithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithm

    For example, the logarithm of 1000 to base 10 is 3, because 1000 is 10 to the 3 rd power: 1000 = 10 3 = 10 × 10 × 10. More generally, if x = b y, then y is the logarithm of x to base b, written log b x, so log 10 1000 = 3. As a single-variable function, the logarithm to base b is the inverse of exponentiation with base b.

  7. Pearson correlation coefficient - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_correlation...

    Pearson's correlation coefficient is the covariance of the two variables divided by the product of their standard deviations. The form of the definition involves a "product moment", that is, the mean (the first moment about the origin) of the product of the mean-adjusted random variables; hence the modifier product-moment in the name.

  8. Simple continued fraction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_continued_fraction

    While virtually all real numbers k will eventually have infinitely many convergents ⁠ m / n ⁠ whose distance from k is significantly smaller than this limit, the convergents for φ (i.e., the numbers ⁠ 5 / 3 ⁠, ⁠ 8 / 5 ⁠, ⁠ 13 / 8 ⁠, ⁠ 21 / 13 ⁠, etc.) consistently "toe the boundary", keeping a distance of almost exactly ...