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In mathematics, an equivalence relation is a binary relation that is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. The equipollence relation between line segments in geometry is a common example of an equivalence relation. A simpler example is equality. Any number is equal to itself (reflexive).
Equivalence tests are a variety of hypothesis tests used to draw statistical inferences from observed data. In these tests, the null hypothesis is defined as an effect large enough to be deemed interesting, specified by an equivalence bound. The alternative hypothesis is any effect that is less extreme than said equivalence bound.
In mathematics, given a category C, a quotient of an object X by an equivalence relation: is a coequalizer for the pair of maps , =,, where R is an object in C and "f is an equivalence relation" means that, for any object T in C, the image (which is a set) of : = (,) () is an equivalence relation; that is, a reflexive, symmetric and transitive relation.
Measurement invariance or measurement equivalence is a statistical property of measurement that indicates that the same construct is being measured across some specified groups. [1] For example, measurement invariance can be used to study whether a given measure is interpreted in a conceptually similar manner by respondents representing ...
Matching is a statistical technique that evaluates the effect of a treatment by comparing the treated and the non-treated units in an observational study or quasi-experiment (i.e. when the treatment is not randomly assigned).
In statistics, an effect size is a value measuring the strength of the relationship between two variables in a population, or a sample-based estimate of that quantity. It can refer to the value of a statistic calculated from a sample of data, the value of one parameter for a hypothetical population, or to the equation that operationalizes how statistics or parameters lead to the effect size ...
Let Z * (X) := Z[X] be the free abelian group on the algebraic cycles of X. Then an adequate equivalence relation is a family of equivalence relations, ~ X on Z * (X), one for each smooth projective variety X, satisfying the following three conditions: (Linearity) The equivalence relation is compatible with addition of cycles.
In mathematics, and specifically in measure theory, equivalence is a notion of two measures being qualitatively similar. Specifically, the two measures agree on which events have measure zero. Specifically, the two measures agree on which events have measure zero.