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Traumatic anterolisthesis (also called type 4) is rare and results from acute fractures in the neural arch or facet joint structure, other than the pars. [ 14 ] [ 12 ] Pathologic anterolisthesis (also called type 5 ) is caused by either infection or a malignancy.
Sports involving repetitive or forceful hyperextension of the spine, especially when combined with rotation are the main mechanism of injury for spondylolysis. The stress fracture of the pars interarticularis occurs on the side opposite to activity. For instance, for a right-handed player, the fracture occurs on the left side of the vertebrae. [5]
A joint space of between 1.5 and 4 mm is regarded as normal. [15] Ankle osteoarthritis. For the ankle, the Kellgren–Lawrence scale, as described for the hip, has been recommended. [16] The distances between the bones in the ankle are normally as follows: [17] Talus - medial malleolus: 1.70 ± 0.13 mm; Talus - tibial plafond: 2.04 ± 0.29 mm
This page was last edited on 10 April 2007, at 01:56 (UTC).; Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License; additional terms may ...
Moderate to severe spinal stenosis at the levels of L3/4 and L4/5 [further explanation needed] The diagnosis of spinal stenosis involves a complete evaluation of the spine. The process usually begins with a medical history and physical examination. X-ray and MRI scans are typically used to determine the extent and location of the nerve compression.
Change in or abnormal gait including awkwardness while running or wearing the tips or side of one shoe [4] Symptoms such as "leg drag" or a leg giving out may signal a need for immediate surgery according to a leading neurosurgeon who specializes in this area. Low back pain [4] Scoliosis [4] (abnormal curvature of the spine to the left or right)
Medical history (the patient tells the doctor about an injury). For shoulder problems the medical history includes the patient's age, dominant hand, if injury affects normal work/activities as well as details on the actual shoulder problem including acute versus chronic and the presence of shoulder catching, instability, locking, pain, paresthesias (burning sensation), stiffness, swelling, and ...
Shoulder arthritis is a clinical condition in which the joint that connects the ball of the arm bone (humeral head) to the shoulder blade socket (glenoid) has damaged or worn out cartilage. Normally the ends of the bone are covered with hyaline articular cartilage , a surface so smooth that the friction at the joint is less than that of an ice ...