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Very often, the resistance mediated by R genes is due to them inducing HR, which leads to apoptosis. Most plant R genes encode NOD-like receptor (NLR) proteins . [ 6 ] NLR protein domain architecture consists of an NB-ARC domain which is a nucleotide-binding domain , responsible for conformational changes associated with the activation of the ...
This can result in the transfer of resistant bacterial strains into the food that humans eat, causing potentially fatal transfer of disease. While the practice of using antibiotics as growth promoters does result in better yields and meat products, it is a major issue and needs to be decreased in order to prevent antimicrobial resistance. [61]
The group delay and phase delay properties of a linear time-invariant (LTI) system are functions of frequency, giving the time from when a frequency component of a time varying physical quantity—for example a voltage signal—appears at the LTI system input, to the time when a copy of that same frequency component—perhaps of a different physical phenomenon—appears at the LTI system output.
The bilinear transform is a special case of a conformal mapping, often used to convert a transfer function () of a linear, time-invariant (LTI) filter in the continuous-time domain (often called an analog filter) to a transfer function () of a linear, shift-invariant filter in the discrete-time domain.
The quantum Hall effect (or integer quantum Hall effect) is a quantized version of the Hall effect which is observed in two-dimensional electron systems subjected to low temperatures and strong magnetic fields, in which the Hall resistance R xy exhibits steps that take on the quantized values
A resistance mutation is a mutation in a virus gene that allows the virus to become resistant to treatment with a particular antiviral drug. The term was first used in the management of HIV , the first virus in which genome sequencing was routinely used to look for drug resistance.
In signal processing and electronics, the frequency response of a system is the quantitative measure of the magnitude and phase of the output as a function of input frequency. [1] The frequency response is widely used in the design and analysis of systems, such as audio and control systems , where they simplify mathematical analysis by ...
The term quantitative resistance (discussed below) refers to plant disease resistance that is controlled by multiple genes and multiple molecular mechanisms that each have small effects on the overall resistance trait. Quantitative resistance is often contrasted to ETI resistance mediated by single major-effect R genes.