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The differentiation of trigonometric functions is the mathematical process of finding the derivative of a trigonometric function, or its rate of change with respect to a variable. For example, the derivative of the sine function is written sin ′ ( a ) = cos( a ), meaning that the rate of change of sin( x ) at a particular angle x = a is given ...
The first Project Euler problem is Multiples of 3 and 5. If we list all the natural numbers below 10 that are multiples of 3 or 5, we get 3, 5, 6 and 9. The sum of these multiples is 23. Find the sum of all the multiples of 3 or 5 below 1000. It is a 5% rated problem, indicating it is one of the easiest on the site.
Similar right triangles illustrating the tangent and secant trigonometric functions Trigonometric functions and their reciprocals on the unit circle. The Pythagorean theorem applied to the blue triangle shows the identity 1 + cot 2 θ = csc 2 θ, and applied to the red triangle shows that 1 + tan 2 θ = sec 2 θ.
Trigonometric functions and their reciprocals on the unit circle. All of the right-angled triangles are similar, i.e. the ratios between their corresponding sides are the same. For sin, cos and tan the unit-length radius forms the hypotenuse of the triangle that defines them.
The original proof is based on the Taylor series expansions of the exponential function e z (where z is a complex number) and of sin x and cos x for real numbers x . In fact, the same proof shows that Euler's formula is even valid for all complex numbers x .
In integral calculus, Euler's formula for complex numbers may be used to evaluate integrals involving trigonometric functions.Using Euler's formula, any trigonometric function may be written in terms of complex exponential functions, namely and and then integrated.
Differentiation with respect to time or one of the other variables requires application of the chain rule, [1] since most problems involve several variables. Fundamentally, if a function F {\displaystyle F} is defined such that F = f ( x ) {\displaystyle F=f(x)} , then the derivative of the function F {\displaystyle F} can be taken with respect ...
The tangent half-angle substitution relates an angle to the slope of a line. Introducing a new variable = , sines and cosines can be expressed as rational functions of , and can be expressed as the product of and a rational function of , as follows: = +, = +, = +.