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Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is a minimally-invasive procedure to remove stones from the kidney by a small puncture wound (up to about 1 cm) through the skin. It is most suitable to remove stones of more than 2 cm in size and which are present near the pelvic region. It is usually done under general anesthesia or spinal anesthesia.
A nephrostomy or percutaneous nephrostomy is an artificial opening created between the kidney and the skin which allows for the urinary diversion directly from the upper part of the urinary system (renal pelvis). [2] It is an interventional radiology/surgical procedure in which the renal pelvis is punctured whilst using imaging as guidance.
For those with symptoms, pain control is usually the first measure, using medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or opioids. [7] [9] Larger calculi may be helped to pass with the medication tamsulosin [10] or may require procedures such as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, or percutaneous nephrolithotomy. [2]
Lithotripsy is a procedure involving the physical destruction of hardened masses like kidney stones, [1] bezoars [2] or gallstones, which may be done non-invasively. The term is derived from the Greek words meaning "breaking (or pulverizing) stones" ( litho- + τρίψω [tripso]).
A 2013 meta-analysis found LL can treat larger stones (> 2 cm) with good stone-free and complication rates. [ 5 ] Holmium laser lithotripsy had superior initial success and re-treatment rate compared to extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) in a 2013 trial.
Renal colic, also known as ureteric colic, is a type of abdominal pain commonly caused by obstruction of ureter from dislodged kidney stones.The most frequent site of obstruction is the vesico-ureteric junction (VUJ), the narrowest point of the upper urinary tract.
Laparoscopic nephrectomy. The surgery is performed with the patient under general anesthesia.A kidney can be removed through an open incision or by laparoscopic surgery.For the open procedure, the surgeon makes an incision in the side of the abdomen to reach the kidney.
The ileal conduit is not painful; it has no sensation. The ureterostomy stoma retains sensation. Since it has no muscles to regulate urination, urine collects in a bag. [citation needed] There are four common types of ureterostomies: [citation needed] Single ureterostomy: This procedure brings only one ureter to the surface of the abdomen.