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Prevention of diabetic foot may include optimising metabolic control via the regulation of blood glucose levels; identification and screening of people at high risk for diabetic foot ulceration, especially those with advanced painless neuropathy; and patient education in order to promote foot self-examination and foot care knowledge.
Malum perforans is a long-lasting, usually painless ulcer that penetrates deep into or through the skin, usually on the sole of the foot (in which case it may be called malum perforans pedis). It is often a complication in diabetes mellitus and other conditions affecting the nerves.
Diabetic foot ulcer is a breakdown of the skin and sometimes deeper tissues of the foot that leads to sore formation. It is thought to occur due to abnormal pressure or mechanical stress chronically applied to the foot, usually with concomitant predisposing conditions such as peripheral sensory neuropathy, peripheral motor neuropathy, autonomic neuropathy or peripheral arterial disease. [1]
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy can be diagnosed with a history and physical examination. The diagnosis is considered in people who develop pain or numbness in a leg or foot with a history of diabetes. Muscle weakness, pain, balance loss, and lower limb dysfunction are the most common clinical manifestations. [7]
Diabetes is the foremost cause in America today for neuropathic joint disease, [5] and the foot is the most affected region. In those with foot deformity, approximately 60% are in the tarsometatarsal joints (medial joints affected more than lateral), 30% metatarsophalangeal joints , and 10% have ankle disease.
ICD-10 is the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), a medical classification list by the World Health Organization (WHO). It contains codes for diseases, signs and symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances, and external causes of injury or diseases. [1]
[107] [112] Specialized footwear is widely used to reduce the risk of diabetic foot ulcers by relieving the pressure on the foot. [113] [114] [115] Foot examination for patients living with diabetes should be done annually which includes sensation testing, foot biomechanics, vascular integrity and foot structure. [116]
Diabetic foot infection is any infection of the foot in a diabetic person. [2] The most frequent cause of hospitalization for diabetic patients is due to foot infections. [ 3 ] Symptoms may include pus from a wound, redness, swelling, pain, warmth, tachycardia , or tachypnea. [ 4 ]