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The term sister group is used in phylogenetic analysis, however, only groups identified in the analysis are labeled as "sister groups".. An example is birds, whose commonly cited living sister group is the crocodiles, but that is true only when discussing extant organisms; [3] [4] when other, extinct groups are considered, the relationship between birds and crocodiles appears distant.
The crown age of a clade refers to the age of the most recent common ancestor of all of the species in the clade. The stem age of a clade refers to the time that the ancestral lineage of the clade diverged from its sister clade. A clade's stem age is either the same as or older than its crown age. [15] Ages of clades cannot be directly observed.
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The Zygnematophyceae are the sister clade of the Embryophyta (land plants). [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Common members of the Zygnematophyceae include the filamentous algae Spirogyra and Mougeotia , as well as desmids , which are microscopic algae characterized by symmetrical and elaborately ornate cells.
That same year, Gerald's eldest sister Mary Gertrude died giving birth to the future author and adventurer Xan Fielding, who Percy and Mary subsequently adopted. Actress Vivien Leigh was his first cousin, as their mothers were sisters. [2]
On Christmas Day, 1882 (also her thirty-second birthday), Sister Elisabeth received a letter from her brother-in-law Gabriel Fedde, challenging her to set up a ministry in New York City for Norwegian seamen there. [4] She sailed for the United States three months later and arrived on April 9, 1883. [5]
Geraldine "Gerri" Santoro (née Twerdy; August 16, 1935 – June 8, 1964) was an American woman who died after attempting a self-induced abortion in 1964. A police photograph of her dead body, published by Ms. in 1973, became a symbol for the abortion-rights movement in the United States.