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In a vector space, the additive inverse −v (often called the opposite vector of v) has the same magnitude as v and but the opposite direction. [11] In modular arithmetic, the modular additive inverse of x is the number a such that a + x ≡ 0 (mod n) and always exists. For example, the inverse of 3 modulo 11 is 8, as 3 + 8 ≡ 0 (mod 11). [12]
The inverse element is the element that results in the identity element when combined with another element. For instance, the additive inverse of the number 6 is -6 since their sum is 0. [41] There are not only inverse elements but also inverse operations. In an informal sense, one operation is the inverse of another operation if it undoes the ...
The manipulations of the Rubik's Cube form the Rubik's Cube group.. In mathematics, a group is a set with an operation that associates every pair of elements of the set to an element of the set (as does every binary operation) and satisfies the following constraints: the operation is associative, it has an identity element, and every element of the set has an inverse element.
Additive inverse; Involution (mathematics), a function that is its own inverse (when applied twice, the starting value is obtained) Inversion (discrete mathematics), any item that is out of order in a sequence; Inverse element; Inverse function, a function that undoes the operation of another function.
The commutativity and associativity of real addition are immediate; defining the real number 0 to be the set of negative rationals, it is easily seen to be the additive identity. Probably the trickiest part of this construction pertaining to addition is the definition of additive inverses. [67] Adding π 2 /6 and e using Cauchy sequences of ...
Informally, a field is a set, along with two operations defined on that set: an addition operation written as a + b, and a multiplication operation written as a ⋅ b, both of which behave similarly as they behave for rational numbers and real numbers, including the existence of an additive inverse −a for all elements a, and of a multiplicative inverse b −1 for every nonzero element b.
However, not every integer has a multiplicative inverse (as is the case of the number 2), which means that under multiplication is not a group. All the rules from the above property table (except for the last), when taken together, say that Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} } together with addition and multiplication is a commutative ring with unity .
The inverse or multiplicative inverse (for avoiding confusion with additive inverses) of a unit x is denoted , or, when the multiplication is commutative, . The additive identity 0 is never a unit, except when the ring is the zero ring, which has 0 as its unique element.