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Each thermal profile is ranked on how it fits in a process window (the specification or tolerance limit). [6] Raw temperature values are normalized in terms of a percentage relative to both the process mean and the window limits. The center of the process window is defined as zero, and the extreme edges of the process window are ±99%. [6]
A thermal profile can be ranked on how it fits in a process window (the specification or tolerance limit). [1] Raw temperature values are normalized in terms of a percentage relative to both the process mean and the window limits. The center of the process window is defined as zero, and the extreme edges of the process window are ±99%. [1]
The process window is a graph with a range of parameters for a specific manufacturing process that yields a defined result. Typically multiple parameters are plotted in such a graph with a central region where the process behaves well, while the outer borders define regions where the process becomes unstable or returns an unfavourable result.
For example, if a shaft with a nominal diameter of 10 mm is to have a sliding fit within a hole, the shaft might be specified with a tolerance range from 9.964 to 10 mm (i.e., a zero fundamental deviation, but a lower deviation of 0.036 mm) and the hole might be specified with a tolerance range from 10.04 mm to 10.076 mm (0.04 mm fundamental ...
Conditional integration: disabling the integral function until the to-be-controlled process variable (PV) has entered the controllable region [3] Preventing the integral term from accumulating above or below pre-determined bounds [4] Back-calculating the integral term to constrain the process output within feasible bounds. [5] [6] [3]
Control charts are graphical plots used in production control to determine whether quality and manufacturing processes are being controlled under stable conditions. (ISO 7870-1) [1] The hourly status is arranged on the graph, and the occurrence of abnormalities is judged based on the presence of data that differs from the conventional trend or deviates from the control limit line.
From IT6 to IT18, the standard tolerances are multiplied by the factor 10 at each fifth step. This rule applies to all standard tolerances and may be used to extrapolate values for IT grades not given in Table 1. For example, the nominal size range 120 mm up to and including 180 mm, the value of IT20 is: IT20 = IT15 × 10 = 1.6 mm × 10 = 16 mm [2]
One way to determine the parameters for the first-order process is using the 63.2% method. In this method, the process gain (k p) is equal to the change in output divided by the change in input. The dead time θ is the amount of time between when the step