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Muslim scholars disagree about exact criteria for salvation of Muslim and non-Muslim. Although most agree that Muslims will be finally saved – shahids (martyrs) who die in battle, are expected to enter paradise immediately after death [ 5 ] : 40 – non-Muslims are another matter.
The basic structure of the Islamic cosmos was one constituted of seven stacked layers of both heaven and earth. Humans live on the uppermost layer of the earth, whereas the bottommost layer is hell and the residence of the devil. The bottommost layer of heaven, directly above the earth, is the sky, whereas the uppermost one is Paradise.
Islam [a] is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the Quran, [9] and the teachings of Muhammad. [10] Adherents of Islam are called Muslims, who are estimated to number 1.9 billion worldwide as of 2020 and are the world's second-largest religious population after Christians.
Angels in Islamic art often appear in illustrated manuscripts of Muhammad's life. Other common depictions of angels in Islamic art include angels with Adam and Eve in the garden of Eden, angels discerning the saved from the damned on the Day of Judgement, and angels as a repeating motif in borders or textiles. [120]
Islamic tradition also places Azrael, the angel of death, in the Third Heaven. [8] The third heaven is depicted as being constructed of pearl and/or luminous metals. According to Shi'ite sources, the Third Heaven is named Marum (Arabic: ماروم). [12] Sunni sources call the third layer Qaydum and consists of ruby. [13]
Almost all Muslims believe that the Quran in Arabic is an accurate copy of the original version received by Muhammad from Allah through the angelic messenger Gabriel during the ascension to heaven . [5] [6] However, this belief is not universal among all Muslims and only emerged with the development of Islam over time.
The seven Jewish and the seven Islamic heavens may have had their origin in Babylonian astronomy. [1] In general, the heavens is not a place for humans in Mesopotamian religion. As Gilgamesh says to his friend Enkidu, in the Epic of Gilgamesh: "Who can go up to the heavens, my friend? Only the gods dwell with Shamash forever". Along with the ...
For those Muslims "who have committed a certain number of lesser sins and offences, they shall either spend an appropriate amount of time in hellfire or receive the kindness and forgiveness of God". [178] Al-Islam also states: "According to the Qur`an and ahadith, heaven and hell exist at present.