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MapReduce is a programming model and an associated implementation for processing and generating big data sets with a parallel and distributed algorithm on a cluster. [1] [2] [3]A MapReduce program is composed of a map procedure, which performs filtering and sorting (such as sorting students by first name into queues, one queue for each name), and a reduce method, which performs a summary ...
Apache Hadoop (/ h ə ˈ d uː p /) is a collection of open-source software utilities for reliable, scalable, distributed computing.It provides a software framework for distributed storage and processing of big data using the MapReduce programming model.
Cascading is a software abstraction layer for Apache Hadoop and Apache Flink.Cascading is used to create and execute complex data processing workflows on a Hadoop cluster using any JVM-based language (Java, JRuby, Clojure, etc.), hiding the underlying complexity of MapReduce jobs.
Pig Latin abstracts the programming from the Java MapReduce idiom into a notation which makes MapReduce programming high level, similar to that of SQL for relational database management systems. Pig Latin can be extended using user-defined functions (UDFs) which the user can write in Java , Python , JavaScript , Ruby or Groovy [ 3 ] and then ...
Apache Hive is a data warehouse software project. It is built on top of Apache Hadoop for providing data query and analysis. [3] [4] Hive gives an SQL-like interface to query data stored in various databases and file systems that integrate with Hadoop.
Folds can be regarded as consistently replacing the structural components of a data structure with functions and values. Lists, for example, are built up in many functional languages from two primitives: any list is either an empty list, commonly called nil ([]), or is constructed by prefixing an element in front of another list, creating what is called a cons node ( Cons(X1,Cons(X2,Cons ...
Therefore, compilers will attempt to transform the first form into the second; this type of optimization is known as map fusion and is the functional analog of loop fusion. [2] Map functions can be and often are defined in terms of a fold such as foldr, which means one can do a map-fold fusion: foldr f z . map g is equivalent to foldr (f .
On March 3, 2011, Teradata agreed to pay an additional $263 million for the remaining ownership interest, net of debt and other expenses. [9] [10] The acquisition completed in April 2011. [2] In September 2011 a computer appliance version of the product was announced, with pre-configured software bundled with hardware. [11]