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Phthalic anhydride is produced similarly by V 2 O 5-catalysed oxidation of ortho-xylene or naphthalene at 350–400 °C. The equation for the vanadium oxide-catalysed oxidation of o-xylene to phthalic anhydride: C 6 H 4 (CH 3) 2 + 3 O 2 → C 6 H 4 (CO) 2 O + 3 H 2 O. The equation for the vanadium oxide-catalysed oxidation of naphthalene to ...
In chemistry, a vanadate is an anionic coordination complex of vanadium. Often vanadate refers to oxoanions of vanadium , most of which exist in its highest oxidation state of +5. The complexes [V(CN) 6 ] 3− and [V 2 Cl 9 ] 3− are referred to as hexacyanovanadate(III) and nonachlorodivanadate(III), respectively.
In chemistry, the oxidation state, or oxidation number, is the hypothetical charge of an atom if all of its bonds to other atoms were fully ionic. It describes the degree of oxidation (loss of electrons) of an atom in a chemical compound. Conceptually, the oxidation state may be positive, negative or zero.
As with other metals with low atomic numbers, a variety of reduced halide cluster ions is known, the prime example being [Nb 6 Cl 18] 4−. [31] Tantalum halides span the oxidation states of +5, +4, and +3. Tantalum pentafluoride (TaF 5) is a white solid with a melting point of 97.0 °C. The anion [TaF 7] 2-is used for its separation from ...
In aqueous solutions, redox potential is a measure of the tendency of the solution to either gain or lose electrons in a reaction. A solution with a higher (more positive) reduction potential than some other molecule will have a tendency to gain electrons from this molecule (i.e. to be reduced by oxidizing this other molecule) and a solution with a lower (more negative) reduction potential ...
The chemistry of vanadium is noteworthy for the accessibility of the four adjacent oxidation states 2–5. In an aqueous solution , vanadium forms metal aquo complexes of which the colors are lilac [V(H 2 O) 6 ] 2+ , green [V(H 2 O) 6 ] 3+ , blue [VO(H 2 O) 5 ] 2+ , yellow-orange oxides [VO(H 2 O) 5 ] 3+ , the formula for which depends on pH.
The oxidation states are also maintained in articles of the elements (of course), and systematically in the table {{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state}}
Catalytic oxidation are processes that rely on catalysts to introduce oxygen into organic and inorganic compounds. Many applications, including the focus of this article, involve oxidation by oxygen. Such processes are conducted on a large scale for the remediation of pollutants, production of valuable chemicals, and the production of energy. [1]