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The nerve is important for breathing because it provides exclusive motor control of the diaphragm, the primary muscle of respiration. In humans, the right and left phrenic nerves are primarily supplied by the C4 spinal nerve , but there is also a contribution from the C3 and C5 spinal nerves.
The nerves from these sources, fifteen or twenty in number, have a few ganglia developed upon them. It enters the kidneys on arterial branches to supply the vessels, renal glomerulus, and tubules with branches to the ureteric plexus. [1] Some filaments are distributed to the spermatic plexus and, on the right side, to the inferior vena cava.
The venous drainage of the kidney large mirrors its arterial supply, except that there are no segmental veins. [4] The stellate veins arise from the capillaries, then drain successively through interlobular veins and interlobar veins until these converge from across the kidney to form the renal vein for that kidney.
In vertebrates, the circulatory system is a system of organs that includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood which is circulated throughout the body. [1] [2] It includes the cardiovascular system, or vascular system, that consists of the heart and blood vessels (from Greek kardia meaning heart, and Latin vascula meaning vessels).
The adjective renal, meaning related to the kidney, is from the Latin rēnēs, meaning kidneys; the prefix nephro-is from the Ancient Greek word for kidney, nephros (νεφρός). [37] For example, surgical removal of the kidney is a nephrectomy , while a reduction in kidney function is called renal dysfunction .
The afferent nerves in the kidney are also involved in maintaining balance. Mechanosensory nerves of the kidney are activated by stretching of the tissue of the renal pelvis, which can occur with an increase in the rate of urine flow from the kidney, resulting in a reflex decrease in the activity of efferent sympathetic nerves. That is ...
These nerves form a network of nerves that lies over the heart called the cardiac plexus. [ 8 ] [ 33 ] The vagus nerve is a long, wandering nerve that emerges from the brainstem and provides parasympathetic stimulation to a large number of organs in the thorax and abdomen, including the heart. [ 35 ]
Autonomic nervous system, showing splanchnic nerves in middle, and the vagus nerve as "X" in blue. The heart and organs below in list to right are regarded as viscera. The autonomic nervous system has been classically divided into the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system only (i.e., exclusively motor).